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Reproduction > 1) Origin of the Sexes > Flashcards

1) Origin of the Sexes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the male internal genitalia?

A 
Testis
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal glands
Ejaculatory ducts
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands
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2
Q

What are the male external genitalia?

A

Glans penis
Shaft of penis
Scrotum

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3
Q

What are the female internal genitalia?

A

Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina

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4
Q

What are the female external genitalia?

A

Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris

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5
Q

How are the testes suspended in the scrotum?

A

By the spermatic cords

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6
Q

What do the testes produce?

A

Spermatozoa

Male hormones, primarily testosterone

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7
Q

What covers the surface of each testis?

A 
Internal to External:
Tunica albuginea 
Visceral layer of tunica vaginalis
Cavity of tunica vaginalis (contains fluid)
Parietal layer of tunica vaginalis
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8
Q

What are the components of the testes?

A 
Seminiferous tubule
Straight tubule
Rete testis
Head, body, tail of epididymis
Ductus deferens
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9
Q

Where are sertoli cells found and what is their function?

A

Seminiferous tubules of testes

Spermatozoa development

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10
Q

Where are Leydig (Interstitial) cells found & what is their function?

A

Cells in the interstitial tissue, adjacent to seminiferous tubules of testes
Secrete testosterone

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11
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The process in which spermatozoa are produced from male primordial germ cells by way of mitosis and meiosis

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12
Q

A1 spermatogonia arise from stem cells. What do they further differentiate into?

A

More type A (stem) cells

Type B cells, committed to differentiation to spermatozoa

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13
Q

How many primary spermatocytes are usually produced?

A

64

All linked together by cytoplasm bridges

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14
Q

How many spermatids are produced in total?

A

up to 256

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15
Q

What process do spermatids undergo to form sperm?

A

Spermiogenesis

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16
Q

How long does spermatogenesis usually take?

A

70 days

New A1 spermatogonia arise every 16 days so 4 spermatogenic processes occur simultaneously

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17
Q

Where do spermatozoa finally mature?

A

During progress through the epididymis

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18
Q

Briefly describe what happens during emission

A

Contractions of vas deferens
Sweep & mix sperm with other components of semen from seminal vesicles & prostate

Dependent on SNS

19
Q

What is the spermatogenic cycle?

A

Development of A1 spermatogonia through to 256 sperms

The amount of time it takes for reappearance of the same stage of the cycle within a given segment of the tube

20
Q

What is the spermatogenic wave?

A

Different parts of tube begin spermatogenic cycle at different times in a ‘wave’
Production of sperm constant
The distance in the tube between parts that are in the same stage of the spermatogenic wave

21
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

Network of canals in mediastinum of testis that seminiferous tubules drain into

22
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

Convoluted duct

Sperms stored & continue to mature

23
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

Continuation of epididymis
Thick muscular walls, minute lumen
Walls contract during copulation, force sperm along tube to mix with semen

24
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

Secrete thick, alkaline fluid rich in:
- fructose (energy source for sperm)
- coagulating agent
Makes up 60% volume of semen

25
Q

What is the function of the prostate?

A

Prostatic fluid 20% of semen

Role in activating sperms

26
Q

What is the significance of the bulbourethral glands?

A

Lie posterolateral in intermediate part of urethra
Ducts of the glands open into proximal part of spongy urethra in bulb of penis
Mucus-like secretion enters urethra during sexual arousal

27
Q

How big are the ovaries?

A

Almond shaped & sized

28
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Oocyte development

Endocrine glands, produce reproductive hormones

29
Q

What is the location of the ovaries?

A

Each ovary suspended by a short peritoneal fold - the mesovarium
Within the mesovarium, a short ovarian ligament tethers the ovary to the uterus

30
Q

What is the ovarian ligament a remnant of?

A

Superior part of the ovarian gubernaculum

31
Q

What surrounds the ovaries?

A

Tunica albuginea

covered with a smooth layer of ovarian mesothelium

32
Q

Why does the ovarian mesothelium become progressively scarred & distorted?

A

Repeated rupture of follicles

33
Q

How do oogonia arise?

A

Primordial germ cells colonise the cortex of the primordial gonad

34
Q

How many oogonia begin meiosis before birth to become primary oocytes?

A

2 million

35
Q

What stimulates the entry of oogonia into meiosis 1?

A

Mesonephric cells/Follicular cells

surround primary oocytes to become primordial follicles

36
Q

When and why is meiosis arrested during the ovarian cycle?

A

Diplotene stage of prophase

due to Oocyte Maturation Inhibitor secreted from follicular cells

37
Q

Between what ages do follicles further develop?

A

Puberty to menopause

13 to 53?!

38
Q

Which 3 stages must a follicle go through to form a mature gamete?

A
  1. Pre-antral or primordial follicle
  2. Antral, or secondary follicle
  3. Pre-ovulatory follicle
39
Q

How is the corpus luteum formed?

A

Remains of follicle reorganised
CL secretes progesterone & oestrogen under influence of LH
CL lives for 14 days before regressing spontaneously if ovum not fertilised

40
Q

Give a brief description of the pre-antral or primordial follicle phase of development

A

Primary oocyte grows dramatically
Granulosa cells secrete glycoprotein, form zona pellucida around oocyte
Surrounding stroma (c.t) form theca folliculi
Theca & granulosa cells secrete oestrogens

41
Q

Give a brief description of the antral or secondary follicle phase of development

A

Granulosa cells proliferate, antrum forms between
Secondary follicle expands to 2mm
Continued development req. FSH & LH

42
Q

Give a brief description of the pre-ovulatory follicle phase of development

A

37 hours before ovulation
Oestrogen causes LH receptors to appear on granulosa cells
LH surge
Follicle restarts meiosis
After meiosis 2, secondary follicle arrests 3 hours prior to ovulation (completes if fertilised)
Follicle increases
Follicle rupture

43
Q

What are the 2 layers of the Theca Folliculi?

A

Theca Interna - vascular & endocrine

Theca Externa - fibrous capsule

44
Q

During the antral phase what do FSH & LH bind to?

A

FSH - Granulosa cells only

LH - Thecal cells only

Reproduction (13 decks)

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