4/5 Cognitive Biases & Individual Differences Flashcards
Confirmation Trap
gathering additional facts or support to influence your choice of which facts to gather and where to look. Looking for information that will confirm our preferred answer or choice and to neglect to search for evidence that might prove us wrong
2 facts about fact gathering
we are over confident and confirmation trap
how to solve fact gathering
think of ways you could be wrong
4 ways of thinking about consequences
- reduce the number of consequences
- self vs. others
- consequences as risks
- Consequences over time: Escalation of Commitment
Illusion of Optimism
overestimating the likelihood of good future events and underestimating bad future events
Illusion of Control
the general belief that we are in charge of what happens, and we can control events. We also think bad things are less likely to happen
Illusion of Superiority
people tend to think of themselves as more ethical, fair, honest than most people
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
a new research tool that can help understand the potential (often negative) role of the unconscious in a certain type of ethical thinking.
Ethical Judgement
making a decision about what is the right think to do.
Individual Differences
- Ethical Decision-Making Style
- Locus of Control
- Cognitive Moral Development
- Machiavellians
- Moral Disengagement
Idealism
person’s concern for the welfare of others
Realism
the person’s emphasis on ethical principles dependent on the situation rather than being a applicable to all situations.
Kholberg’s Moral Reasoning Theory
a cognitive development theory that focuses primarily on how people think about/decide what course of action is ethically right.
Level 1: Pre-conventional
individuals are very self-centered and views ethical rules as imposed from outside the self.
Level 1 - Stage 1
Obedience and punishment orientation: obedience to authority for own sake, stick to rules to avoid punishment
Level 1 - Stage 2
Instrumental purpose and exchange: following rules only in interest. Rights is an equal exchange of getting a good deal
Level 2: Conventional
the individual is still externally focused on others but is less self-centered and has internalized the shared moral norms of society or some segment like a family / work group. What is ethically right is explained in terms of living up to roles and the expectations of relevant others.
Level 2 - Stage 3
interpersonal accord, conformity, mutual expectation. stereotypically ‘good’ behavior. Living up to what is expected by peers.
Level 2 - Stage 4
Social Accord and system maintenance. fulfilling duties and obligations of social system. uphold laws except in extreme cases where they conflict with social duties
Level 3
individuals developed beyond identification with other’s expectations, rules, and laws to make decisions more autonomously. Looks to ethical principles of justice and rights
Level 3 - Stage 5
Interpersonal accord and individual rights. Upholding rules because it’s a social contract for greater good
Level 3 - Stage 6
universal ethical principles
Looking up and Looking around
adults are high susceptible to external influences on their judgement about what is ethical right and therefore their likely action is inextricably inked wit what others think,say, and do.
Locus of control
an individuals perception of how much control he exerts over life events
