4, 5, 7 Flashcards
Measurement of inhaled and exhaled carbon dioxide
Capnography
Inflamation and consolidation in the lungs
Pneumonia
Slowing of flow
Stasis
Blood clot and inflammation of a vessel
Thrombophlebitis
A thrombus or clot that travels and lodges elsewhere in the body
Embolus
M- h- is it a rare complication of general anesthetic agents: halothane, isoflurane, enflurane & succinylcholine. The biochemical reaction and genetically predisposed people.
Signs and symptoms-
A late sign is -
What is the drug of choice to treat the condition?
-Malignant hyperthermia
-High temperature, cardiac dysrhythmia, rigidity of the jaw or other muscles, hypotension, tachypena, and dark-cola colored urine.
-A late sign is an extremely high temperature of up to 111.2
-Dantrolene
medications such as NSAIDs, tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and corticosteroids; what do these relive
adjuvant; neuropathic pain
associated with pain stimuli from either somatic (body tissue) or visceral (organ) structures
nociceptive pain
point where pain is recieved
pain threshold
length of time or the intensity of pain a person will endure before outwardly responding to it
pain tolerance
Physiologic structure: cutaneous or superficial: skin and subcutaneous tissues; Deep somatic: bone, muscle, blood vessels, connective tissue
Characteristics: sharp, burning, dull, aching, cramping
Sources of acute postoperative pain: incisional pain, pain at insertion sites of tubes and drains, wound complications, orthopedic procedures, skeletal muscle tissue
Sources of chronic pain syndromes: Bony metastases, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, low back pain, peripheral vascular disease
Somatic pain
Physiologic: organs and the linings of the body cavities
Characteristics: poorly localized; diffuse, deep cramping or splitting, sharp, stabbing
Sources of acute postop pain: chest tubes, abdominal tubes and drains, bladder distention or spasms, intestinal distention
Sources of chronic pain: pancreatitis, liver metastases, colitis, appendicitis
Visceral pain
Physiologic: peripheral and central nerve fibers, spinal cord, and central nervous system
Characteristics: poorly localized; shooting, burning, fiery, shocklike, sharp, painful, numbness
Sources of Acute postop pain: postmastectomy pain, nerve compression or injury caused by a surgical procedure
Sources of chronic pain: HIV-related pain, diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, chemotherapy-induced neuropathies, multiple sclerosis
Neuropathic pain
Transduction, Transmission, Perception, Modulation
Pain processes associated with nociceptive pain
Which pain process begins when tissue damage causes the release of substances that stimulate the nociceptors and initiate the sensation of pain
transduction
Which pain process involves the movement of the pain sensation to the spinal cord
transmission
Which pain process occurs when impulses reach the brain and the pain is recognized
perception
Which pain process occurs when neurons in the brain send signals back down the spinal cord by the release of neurotransmitter
modulation
Theoretical models of pain include: g_ c_ t_,
gate control theory
-__ : removal or destruction of
-lysis
-__: to furnish with an outlet
-ostomy
-__: cutting into
-otomy
-__: fixation, anchoring in place
-pexy
What may be given before surgery to stimulate red blood cell production -E__ a__
Epoetin alfa
H__, a bloodless surgical technique where several units of pt’s book are removed and replaced with crystalloids or colloids to expand vascular volume. This decreases blood viscosity, improves oxygen transport, and minimizes red blood cell loss if bleeding does occur
hemodilution
This organ involved in synthesizing clotting factors, producing albumin, and metabolizing and detoxifying drugs
liver
NSAIDs work by blocking _
the production of nociceptor triggers
this drug class works by blocking the nociceptor triggers
NSAIDs
when is Epoetin alfa given, and why
what might they avoid
before surgery to stimulate red blood cell production for a bloodless surgery
blood transfusion
what types of drugs make pt more prone to excessive bleeding
aspirins, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory, and anticoagulants
corticosteroids reduce the body’s response to what
they delay what
infection and delay the healing process
asians + atropen =
tachycardia
type of surgery that procedural/conscious sedation (PSA- procedural sedation and analgesia) would be used
advantages
-surgery of short duration where unconsciousness isn’t wanted
-used in combination with local, spinal, or nerve blocks to enhance pt comfort
-rapid reversal
-pt unaware but can breath on their own
little n/v
amnesia of surgery
neruologic assessment includes
loc
orientation
sensory and motor status
size, equality and reactivity of pupils
Aldrete scoring system used to determine this
determine readiness of transfer out of PACU
if any area of the lung remains atelectatic for more than 72 hours, what is likely to occur from retained secretions
hypostatic pneumonia
if postop pt is in pain but it is to early for pain med, what should be the next step
check bladder for distention
comfort measures
distraction and imagery
pts most at risk for dehiscence and evisceration
diabetic
obese
malnourished
dehydrated
have a malignancy
experienced multiple traumas to abdomen or have an infected wound
what is the type of phantom pain
neuropathic
four pain processes
transduction
transmission
perception
modulation
somatic pain associated with pain stimuli from either _ or _ structures
somatic: the body
or
visceral: organ
four pain processes:
conscious experience of pain
perception
four pain processes:
neurons in brain send signals back down the spinal cord by release of neurotransmitters
modulation
four pain processes:
action potential continues from
-site of injury to spinal cord
-spinal cord to brainstem and thalamus
-thalamus to cortex for processing
transmission
four pain processes:
noxious stimuli cause cell damage with release of sensitizing chemicals:
-prostaglandins
-bradykinin
-serotonin
-substance P
-histamine
these substances activate nociceptors and lead to generation of action potential
trandsduction
analgesics and opioids usually do not relieve which type of pain
neuropathic
what typs of meds relieve neuropathic pain
adjuvant meds: NSAIDs, tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids
