4 (27) The Reproductive System Flashcards
What are gametes?
the primary sex cells of the reproductive system
What are the primary sex organs for the male? The female?
MALE => testes
FEMALE => ovaries
What are the accessory structures (ducts, glands and other supporting structures) for each gender?
MALE => vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands [internal genitalia]
FEMALE => (also referred to as the vulva or pudendum) labia majora, mons pubis, labia minora, clitoris, and glands within the vestibule [external genitalia]
How does the formation of the reproductive tract in the embryo DIFFER for males and females?
MALE => Wolffian ducts become VAS DEFERENS and associated structures
FEMALE => Mullerian ducts become OVIDUCTS, UTERUS, VAGINA
EVERY embryo produces both ducts, the one that isn’t used DEGENERATES
How is the formation of the reproductive tract in the embryo the SAME for males and females?
MALE =>
FEMALE =>
At what temperature do the testes need to be maintained for a male to be fertile? How is this accomplished? Discuss the roles of the dartos and cremaster muscles.
3 ºC cooler than body temperature
DARTOS MUSCLE => found in the septum between the two testes and under the skin of the scrotum (contraction causes the skin to wrinkle and decrease surface area = conserves heat)
CREMASTER MUSCLE => is an extension of the internal oblique muscle and raises the testes during sexual arousal and when the temperature is too cold
What is cryptorchidism, and what is the result? How is it corrected?
if testes fail to descend:
CRYPTORCHIDISM => infertile
(corrected by injections of testosterone or surgery)
What structure guides the descent of the testes?
fibromuscular cord called GUBERNACULUM
What does the tunica vaginalis come from?
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Describe the structure of the testes.
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Describe the process of meiosis. What is synapsis? Crossing over?
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How many chromosomes does the resulting gamete contain?
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How many sperm are formed from one primary spermatocyte?
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What is the difference between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis?
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Describe the structure of a sperm. What is the function of each of its parts?
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What do sustentacular or Sertoli cells do?
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Why do we need a blood-testis barrier?
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What two compartments are formed by the sustentactular cells?
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Which cells in the testes produce testosterone?
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Trace the path of the sperm from the seminiferous tubule to the glans of the penis.
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What accessory glands contribute to the formation of semen? What is in the secretions of these glands?
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What is the function of the stereocilia found in the epididymis?
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What is a vasectomy?
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What structures make up the spermatic cord?
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What is the function of the prostaglandins produced by the seminal vesicles?
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What other unusual substances are found in the secretions of the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland?
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How many sperm are required per ml for a man to be fertile?
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What is the normal pH range of semen? Why is this important?
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How long can sperm survive in the female reproductive tract?
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Describe the structure of the penis. What is circumcision?
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How does erection occur? Emission and ejaculation?
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How are the branches of the autonomic nervous system involved here? (erection, emission, ejaculation)
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How do LH and FSH function in the male?
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What is inhibin, and what does it do?
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Describe the structure of the ovary.
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Describe oogenesis. How many eggs are produced from a primary oocyte?
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Trace the path of the ovum from the ruptured follicle to the uterus. What structures aid in its passage into the uterus?
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Understand the function of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle. Describe what each does in the ovary and in the uterus.
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Which is the ovulating hormone?
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Could ovulation occur if FSH was not produced?
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What are some ways for a woman to tell she has ovulated or will ovulate shortly?
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Where does fertilization occur?
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Describe the female vulva, and tell which structures have a counterpart in the male, and what the homologous structure is.
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What is menopause?
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When, in relation to the time of ovulation, can intercourse result in pregnancy?
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What is capacitation?
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Why does it take so many sperm to get pregnant?
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What is fertilization?
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What does relaxin do during pregnancy?
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What is a zygote? What is a blastocyst?
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What is implantation? When does it occur? What is an ectopic pregnancy?
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How are twins produced? (Two ways)
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What is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)? What produces it, and what does it do? Why do we test for it?
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What produces estrogen and progesterone after the first three months of pregnancy?
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What makes up the placenta, and what is it good for?
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What is quickening?
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What are the three stages of labor? What happens during each.
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When is the baby delivered? The placenta?
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What is the structure of the mammary gland? What type of tissue makes up the functional part? What causes the variation in size?
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How do prolactin and oxytocin influence this gland?
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You should know the differences between primordial, primary, secondary and mature or Graafian follicles.
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Which cells of the follicle produce androgens?
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Which cells convert androgens to estrogen?
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What is the corona radiata?
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What is the zona pellucida?
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About what percentage of the oocytes that a woman is born with are actually ovulated?
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What is the corpus hemorrhagicum?
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What substance does the hypothalamus look for before it will release gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) ? Why does it do this?
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How does taking mucinex affect the uterus?
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What happens to the sperm that enter the female reproductive tract that do not reach the oocyte? In other words, why do these sperm not reach the uterine tube?
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How do the sperm locate the oocyte?
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What does the surface hyaluronidase on the sperm do?
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What happens during capacitation?
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What does the binding of the sperm to the ZP3 proteins do?
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What happens in the oocyte that blocks the entry of more than one sperm?
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What two types of substances are secreted by the blastocyst during implantation?
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What proportion of zygotes actually go on to form infants?
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How does the fetus determine its birth date?
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Why (how) can ibuprofen stop early labor?
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What is meant by the term engagement in terms of labor and delivery?
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What is a vertex birth (presentation)? What is a breech birth?
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What is an Apgar score? What is considered to be a good Apgar score?
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