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Human Structure and Function 2 > 4 (27) The Reproductive System > Flashcards

4 (27) The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are gametes?

A

the primary sex cells of the reproductive system

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2
Q

What are the primary sex organs for the male? The female?

A

MALE => testes

FEMALE => ovaries

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3
Q

What are the accessory structures (ducts, glands and other supporting structures) for each gender?

A

MALE => vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands [internal genitalia]

FEMALE => (also referred to as the vulva or pudendum) labia majora, mons pubis, labia minora, clitoris, and glands within the vestibule [external genitalia]

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4
Q

How does the formation of the reproductive tract in the embryo DIFFER for males and females?

A

MALE => Wolffian ducts become VAS DEFERENS and associated structures

FEMALE => Mullerian ducts become OVIDUCTS, UTERUS, VAGINA

EVERY embryo produces both ducts, the one that isn’t used DEGENERATES

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5
Q

How is the formation of the reproductive tract in the embryo the SAME for males and females?

A

MALE =>

FEMALE =>

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6
Q

At what temperature do the testes need to be maintained for a male to be fertile? How is this accomplished? Discuss the roles of the dartos and cremaster muscles.

A

3 ºC cooler than body temperature

DARTOS MUSCLE => found in the septum between the two testes and under the skin of the scrotum (contraction causes the skin to wrinkle and decrease surface area = conserves heat)

CREMASTER MUSCLE => is an extension of the internal oblique muscle and raises the testes during sexual arousal and when the temperature is too cold

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7
Q

What is cryptorchidism, and what is the result? How is it corrected?

A

if testes fail to descend:
CRYPTORCHIDISM => infertile
(corrected by injections of testosterone or surgery)

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8
Q

What structure guides the descent of the testes?

A

fibromuscular cord called GUBERNACULUM

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9
Q

What does the tunica vaginalis come from?

A

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the testes.

A

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11
Q

Describe the process of meiosis. What is synapsis? Crossing over?

A

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12
Q

How many chromosomes does the resulting gamete contain?

A

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13
Q

How many sperm are formed from one primary spermatocyte?

A

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14
Q

What is the difference between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis?

A

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15
Q

Describe the structure of a sperm. What is the function of each of its parts?

A

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16
Q

What do sustentacular or Sertoli cells do?

A

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17
Q

Why do we need a blood-testis barrier?

A

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18
Q

What two compartments are formed by the sustentactular cells?

A

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19
Q

Which cells in the testes produce testosterone?

A

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20
Q

Trace the path of the sperm from the seminiferous tubule to the glans of the penis.

A

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21
Q

What accessory glands contribute to the formation of semen? What is in the secretions of these glands?

A

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22
Q

What is the function of the stereocilia found in the epididymis?

A

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23
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

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24
Q

What structures make up the spermatic cord?

A

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25
Q

What is the function of the prostaglandins produced by the seminal vesicles?

A

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26
Q

What other unusual substances are found in the secretions of the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland?

A

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27
Q

How many sperm are required per ml for a man to be fertile?

A

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28
Q

What is the normal pH range of semen? Why is this important?

A

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29
Q

How long can sperm survive in the female reproductive tract?

A

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30
Q

Describe the structure of the penis. What is circumcision?

A

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31
Q

How does erection occur? Emission and ejaculation?

A

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32
Q

How are the branches of the autonomic nervous system involved here? (erection, emission, ejaculation)

A

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33
Q

How do LH and FSH function in the male?

A

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34
Q

What is inhibin, and what does it do?

A

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35
Q

Describe the structure of the ovary.

A

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36
Q

Describe oogenesis. How many eggs are produced from a primary oocyte?

A

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37
Q

Trace the path of the ovum from the ruptured follicle to the uterus. What structures aid in its passage into the uterus?

A

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38
Q

Understand the function of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle. Describe what each does in the ovary and in the uterus.

A

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39
Q

Which is the ovulating hormone?

A

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40
Q

Could ovulation occur if FSH was not produced?

A

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41
Q

What are some ways for a woman to tell she has ovulated or will ovulate shortly?

A

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42
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

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43
Q

Describe the female vulva, and tell which structures have a counterpart in the male, and what the homologous structure is.

A

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44
Q

What is menopause?

A

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45
Q

When, in relation to the time of ovulation, can intercourse result in pregnancy?

A

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46
Q

What is capacitation?

A

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47
Q

Why does it take so many sperm to get pregnant?

A

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48
Q

What is fertilization?

A

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49
Q

What does relaxin do during pregnancy?

A

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50
Q

What is a zygote? What is a blastocyst?

A

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51
Q

What is implantation? When does it occur? What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

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52
Q

How are twins produced? (Two ways)

A

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53
Q

What is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)? What produces it, and what does it do? Why do we test for it?

A

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54
Q

What produces estrogen and progesterone after the first three months of pregnancy?

A

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55
Q

What makes up the placenta, and what is it good for?

A

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56
Q

What is quickening?

A

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57
Q

What are the three stages of labor? What happens during each.

A

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58
Q

When is the baby delivered? The placenta?

A

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59
Q

What is the structure of the mammary gland? What type of tissue makes up the functional part? What causes the variation in size?

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60
Q

How do prolactin and oxytocin influence this gland?

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61
Q

You should know the differences between primordial, primary, secondary and mature or Graafian follicles.

A

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62
Q

Which cells of the follicle produce androgens?

A

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63
Q

Which cells convert androgens to estrogen?

A

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64
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

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65
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

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66
Q

About what percentage of the oocytes that a woman is born with are actually ovulated?

A

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67
Q

What is the corpus hemorrhagicum?

A

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68
Q

What substance does the hypothalamus look for before it will release gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) ? Why does it do this?

A

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69
Q

How does taking mucinex affect the uterus?

A

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70
Q

What happens to the sperm that enter the female reproductive tract that do not reach the oocyte? In other words, why do these sperm not reach the uterine tube?

A

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71
Q

How do the sperm locate the oocyte?

A

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72
Q

What does the surface hyaluronidase on the sperm do?

A

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73
Q

What happens during capacitation?

A

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74
Q

What does the binding of the sperm to the ZP3 proteins do?

A

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75
Q

What happens in the oocyte that blocks the entry of more than one sperm?

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76
Q

What two types of substances are secreted by the blastocyst during implantation?

A

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77
Q

What proportion of zygotes actually go on to form infants?

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78
Q

How does the fetus determine its birth date?

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79
Q

Why (how) can ibuprofen stop early labor?

A

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80
Q

What is meant by the term engagement in terms of labor and delivery?

A

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81
Q

What is a vertex birth (presentation)? What is a breech birth?

A

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82
Q

What is an Apgar score? What is considered to be a good Apgar score?

A

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Human Structure and Function 2 (13 decks)

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