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Human Structure and Function 2 > 1 (16) The Endocrine System > Flashcards

1 (16) The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland?

A

exocrine: secretes products through ducts into body cavities or onto body surface
endocrine: secrete hormones into interstitial fluid and then enter the blood

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2
Q

What are the differences in circulating hormones, paracrine secretions, and autocrine secretions?

A

circulating hormones: pass into blood, act on distant cells
paracrine secretions: restricted to interstitial fluid, affects nearby cells
autocrine secretions: affect only the secreting cell

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3
Q

How are circulating hormones inactivated and/or removed from the body?

A

circulating hormones are inactivated by the liver and excreted by the kidneys

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4
Q

Compare and contrast the nervous system and the endocrine system. How do they affect each other?

A

nervous: affects muscles and gland secretion, takes milliseconds, effects are brief
endocrine: affects virtually all body tissues, may take hours, effects are longlasting
BOTH are coordinated by neuroendocrine system, some neurotransmitter act as hormones

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5
Q

Why do hormones, which area carried everywhere in the body by the blood, affect only certain organs?

A

hormones only affect specific target cells (on target organs) that have receptors which recognize that particular hormone

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6
Q

What hormones are steroids?

A

cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, testosterone

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7
Q

Which hormone ONLY acts like a steroid?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

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8
Q

What are steroid hormones made from?

A

lipids formed from cholesterol

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9
Q

How do steroids change what is going on inside a cell?

A

by entering cell, activating receptors in cell, activated receptor then turns genes on/off, and if gene is activated, a new protein is produced which alters the activity of the cell

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10
Q

How can steroids be administered?

A

orally

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11
Q

How do protein or peptide (water-soluble hormones) affect what goes on inside a cell?

A

by using a second messenger system

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12
Q

Describe the second messenger system in detail.

A

hormone (1st messenger) binds to receptor, receptor activates G protein, G protein activates adenylate cyclase, adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger), cAMP activates protein kinases, protein kinases trigger responses of target cell

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13
Q

What does the effect of hormone binding last only briefly?

A

cAMP is broken down by intracellular enzyme phosphodiesterase

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14
Q

How is the effect of hormone binding amplified within the cell?

A

the 2nd messengers initiate a cascade of reactions within the cell

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15
Q

What is meant by up-regulation and down-regulation of receptors?

A

up-regulation increases # of receptors

down-regulation decreases # of receptors

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16
Q

How are amino acid based hormones usually administered?

A

injection

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17
Q

Local hormones include prostaglandins and leukotrienes. What are they made from and what do they do?

A

arachidonic acid

prostaglandins: affect wide variety of tissues
leukotrienes: affect white blood cells

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18
Q

What are the three ways hormones may be regulated?

A

hypothalamus, internal environment, neural stimuli

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19
Q

Locate the pituitary gland. What bony structure protects it?

A

the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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20
Q

Describe the structure of the posterior pituitary gland. What is another name for it?

A

“neurohypophysis”

contains axons whose cell bodies are in the hypothalamus, neurosecretory cells secrete hormones made by the hypothalamus

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21
Q

What structure connects it to the hypothalamus?

A

infundibulum

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22
Q

Where are the pituitary gland’s hormones actually produced?

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

What two hormones are stored and released from the posterior pituitary gland? What do these hormones do?

A

oxytocin: stimulates contraction of uterus and milk ejection from alveoli into ducts (controlled by positive-feedback)
antidiuretic hormone: increases water permeability in distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts so water is reabsorbed into the body and less urine is formed (controlled by osmotic pressure of blood and blood volume)

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24
Q

How is the control of oxytocin unusual in the body?

A

because it is by a positive-feedback

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25
Q

What condition is caused by hypo-secretion of ADH?

A

diabetes insipidus

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26
Q

What common substances decrease ADH secretion?

A

alcoholic and caffeinated beverages

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27
Q

What increases ADH secretion?

A

high blood pressure, pain, stress

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28
Q

What is the structure of the anterior pituitary gland? What is its other name?

A

adenohypophysis or pars anterior

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29
Q

How is the anterior pituitary gland controlled by the hypothalamus?

A

via releasing/inhibiting-type hormones from the hypothalamus

30
Q

What vascular structure aids in the hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary gland?

A

superior hypophyseal artery

31
Q

What seven hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

Human growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone

32
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

regulates the secretory actions of other endocrine glands

33
Q

What happens if a growth hormone is over or under-secreted while a child is growing?

A

over: results in gigantism, GH targets active epiphyseal plates
under: dwarfism, slowed bone growth

34
Q

What happens if a growth hormone is over or under-secreted during adulthood?

A

over: acromegaly (overgrowth of bones areas due to GH, mainly bones of hands, feet, face)
under: usually no problems

35
Q

What time of day is growth hormone secreted?

A

night

36
Q

How does growth hormone affect metabolism?

A

enhances movement of amino acids into cells and stimulates proteins synthesis, stimulates breakdown of glucose so less leaves the blood and blood levels increase, stimulates bone grow directly

37
Q

What other substances assists in growth?

A
  • growth hormone-releasing hormone

* growth hormone-inhibitory hormone

38
Q

What does the administration of growth hormone to normal adults or the elderly do?

A

increases muscle mass but not strength (can lead to fluid retention, joint and muscle pain, diabetes, may promote cancer)

39
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

tells the body to make breast milk when a person is pregnant or breast-feeding

40
Q

What does excess secretion of prolactin do in males?

A

high prolactin levels can cause galactorrhea, impotence (inability to have an erection during sex), reduced desire for sex, and infertility

41
Q

What does excess secretion of prolactin do in females?

A

high levels of prolactin in the blood can stop the ovaries from making the hormone estrogen

42
Q

What external factors can trigger the release of TSH?

A

exposure to extreme cold and emotional stress

43
Q

What external factors can cause the release of ACTH? What is its daily rhythm?

A

injury, hypoglycemia, or exercise // peaks in the morning just before waking up

44
Q

In lower organisms, what part of the pituitary produces MSH?

A

intermediate lobe of pituitary

45
Q

In humans, MSH is linked with what other hormone?

A

ACTH

46
Q

What inorganic substance is critical for the formation of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4?

A

iodine

47
Q

How can we use iodine for treatment of hyper-secretion of T3 and T4?

A

radioactive iodine to kill off sections of the thyroid

48
Q

Where can you get iodine?

A

iodized salt

49
Q

Why is this the only hormone the body stores?

A

T3 and T4 control the basal metabolic rate, growth and development, thermoregulation, and reactivity of the nervous system

50
Q

What happens when T3 and T4 are overproduced?

A

Grave’s disease: exophthalmos, goiter

51
Q

What happens when T3 and T4 are underproduced?

A

Hashimoto’s disease (autoimmune), cretinism (stunted growth, mental retardation in childhood), myxedema (edema of facial tissues, sensitive to cold, dulled mental function)

52
Q

What can cause the over/underproduction of T3 and T4?

A

excess/lack of iodine

53
Q

Is calcitonin critical for calcium balance in the body?

A

no, as long as parathyroid glands are functional you should be good

54
Q

What is critical for calcium balance in the body?

A

PTH

55
Q

How do the two hormones that regulate calcium function together?

A

calcitonin decreases osteoclast activity, PTH increases osteoclast activity

56
Q

What type of hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

mineralocorticoids

57
Q

What are the three layers of the cortex and what hormones do they make?

A 
Zona glomerulosa (outer): mostly aldosterone
Zona fasciculata (middle): mostly cortisol
Zona reticularis (inner): androgens (male sex hormones)
58
Q

What diseases are caused by over/underproduction of cortisol?

A

over: Cushing’s syndrome
under: Addison’s disease

59
Q

How do the androgens produced by the adrenal cortex affect males?

A

not significantly, overwhelmed by testosterone

60
Q

How do the androgens produced by the adrenal cortex affect females?

A

contribute to female sex drive, may be converted into estrogen in other tissues which is especially important after menopause

61
Q

Why is the adrenal medulla considered to be a sympathetic ganglion?

A

the hormones secreted are sympathomimetic

62
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce and what do they do?

A

80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine

63
Q

What do we call a tumor of the adrenal medulla?

A

pheochromocytoma

64
Q

What is the difference between Type I (IDDM) and Type II (NIDDM)?

A

Type I: due to underproduction of insulin, injections needed to control blood glucose levels
Type II: due to lack of insulin receptors on cell membrane

65
Q

What is a nickname for the pineal gland? Why is it called this?

A

“the third eye” // it hangs from the roof of the third ventricle in the diencephalon

66
Q

What is the only valid claim for the use of melatonin?

A

jet-lag, but only resets the biological clock by an hour

67
Q

What hormones does the thymus gland produce and what do they do?

A

thymosins, which promote production and maturation of T lymphocytes

68
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced and what does it do?

A

kidneys, stimulates red blood cell production

69
Q

Where is ANP produced and what does it do?

A

right atrium of the heart; causes sodium and water to be excreted into the urine and lost from the body, which decreases blood volume and therefore blood pressure

70
Q

What produces leptins and what do they do?

A

adipose tissue; tell the body how much stored energy

71
Q

How do the skin and digestive systems function as endocrine organs?

A

skin: produces cholecalciferol when exposed to UV light, modified by liver/kidneys, causes absorption of calcium from GI tract
GI systems: stomach and small intestines produce many hormones which affect digestion and the production of digestive enzymes (gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin)

Human Structure and Function 2 (13 decks)

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