4/14 stuff Flashcards
What are the 4 main functions of the hypothalamus?
hint HEAL
Homeostatic control of hunger, thirst, sex, & sleep
Endocrine control
Autonomic control
Limbic mechanism(s)
What organ is an extension of the hypothalamus?
the pituitary gland
What 2 structures are very closely associated with the hypothalmus [besides the pit gland]?
-optic chiasm sits above hypothalamus
-mammillary bodies nearby`
What are the 4 regions of the hypothalamus?
The hypothalamus likes PAMPering itself
Preoptic
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
What is the role of the anterior hypothal?
modulates the parasympathetic system’s brainstem nuclei
Deals with a lot of sleep factors
What happens if you damage magnocellular regions of the ant hypothal?
DIabetes insipidus
(magnocellular regions = supraoptic nd PVN that make oxytocin and ADH)
What structure (not in the hypothalamus) detects osmotic changes in the blood and causes ADH release to retain h2o?
carotid bodies
What are the 3 ways the ant hypothalamus regulates/aids in sleep processi?
- when stimulated –>decreased body temp –>encourages nonREM sleep
- Suprachiasmatic nuc modulates circadian rhythm with the pineal gland
- modulates sleep cycle by taking direct input from the retinohypothalamic tract (from retinal ganglion cells) and paraventricular nuc. **i.e. light input
-so when no input = pineal gland to release malatonin?
what nucleus regulates circadian rhythm by working with the pineal gland?
suprachiasmatic nuc
what inhibits the pineal gland? what “hormone” does it release when not inhibited?
light inhibits pineal!!
so night time = melatonin release
what is the 4th process of the ant hypothalamus that is not really related to the sleep functions?
magnocellular regions in supraoptic & PVN produce oxytocin & ADH
What is the main/overall function of the middle hypothalamus?
integrates signals for hunger and satiety based off of nutrient availability
how does the middle hypothal perform its major function?
(there are 4 nuclei involved here.. blech)
hint: Andy Devours A Veggie Pizza
- Arcuate nucleus releases GNRH & PIH into adenophysis
- Dorsomedial nuc = emotional response/aggression
- Ventromedial & Arcuate nuc’s together = satiety
- Paraventricular nuc takes in signals & causes CRH to make cortisol [adrenals]
What 2 signaling “hormones” are involved in hunger & satiety
grhelin - causes hunger (hunger goblin)
leptin - indicates fullness? note: decreases during weight loss
Are there any pre-ganglionic sympathetic CN [in autonomics]?
nope
What is special about CN V’s parasympathetics?
It doesn’t have any!
It allows other CN to ride w/ it
What are the 4 ganglion involved in head autonomics?
hint: you have mnemonic for this!
COPS 3977 - parasympathetic ganglia
Ciliary (CN III)
Otic (CN IX)
Pterygopalatine (CN VII)
Submandibular (CN VII)
Where are all sympathetic fibers in the head? (pre- or post ganglion?)
post ganglion!
Can you draw the innervation for the eye/blink pathways?
What ganglion INs dilator pupillae m?
sup sympathetic ganglion
What is horners syndrome
miosis (constriction), ptosis, anhidrosis
can have partial symptoms as well
What infection is really common to cause horner’s?
I think syphilis? if not delete this card
What CN INs nasal mucous glands?
CN VII
What CN and it’s branches IN mucous/mucosa of upper teeth?
CN V2 –> greater & lesser palantine N
what is a coloboma?
failure of choroid fissure to close
=tear drop pupil
When does the otic placode form in development? What does it arise from?
at day 22!
forms from surface ectoderm
What supplies the parasymp to the parotid gland?
lesser petrosal N
What provides sympathetic IN to parotid gland?
branches of external carotid N
What innervates submandibular and sublingual glands?
what about the sympathetics?
chorda tympani who hop on lingual N of CN V3
symp come from T1-T3 area and synapse in cerv ganglion
Draw/go over the parasympathetic innervation and ganglion of the head?
Tell me the parasympathetic IN to parotid gland
lesser petrosal N –> otic ganglion –> auriculotemporal N –>parotid
Tell me the parasympathetic IN to submandibular and ligual glands?
chorda tympani –>lingual N (V3) –>submandibular ganglion –> branch to submandibular and lingual glands
Tell me the parasympathetic IN to ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae m?
CN III–> ciliary ganglion –> short ciliary N (riding V1) –> branch to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle
Tell me the parasympathetic IN to lacrimal and mucous glands in nasal, oral, palate & pharynx?
CN VIII –> greater petrosal N –> pterygopalatine ganglion –> (hitches ride on V1 & V2) –> nasal & lacrimal glands
What is viscerocranium?
what arches does this arise from?
basically skull bones that make up facial structures
arches 1 & 2
What embruyologic tissue does cornea arise from?
surface ectoderm
How does a cleft lip happen? what happens during development to cause it
failure of maxillary prominence to fuse
Are there any preganglionic sympathetic fibers in the head
NO
Where do all post ganglionic sympathetic fibers in the head synpase?
superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
What is hypermetamorphosis?
over-reaction/attention to visual stimuli
If there is injury/pathology with cingulate gyrus, what symptoms would likely be seen?
depression & psychiatric changes
Go over the papez circuit
