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Sam's Neuro > 4/11 stuff? > Flashcards

4/11 stuff? Flashcards

1
Q

Will white or gray matter be lighter on T2 MRI images? why?

A

gray matter will be lighter

cuz it has 10% more water then white

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2
Q

How will CSF show up on T2 MRI

A

hyperechoic

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3
Q

How will csf/fluid show up on flair T2 images? what about bone & fat?

A

fluid = black

bone vs fat is harder to distinguish

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4
Q

what is ct air value? how about wters?

A

air= -1000

water = 0

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5
Q

How does an MRI make different structures more weighted etc?

A

weight is from proton organization and disruption

the difference is the speed and when energy goes in and when we listen

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6
Q

I show you a CT or MRI that has a bleed (skull = pacman, then it would be contained in the mouth area of a pacman)

What type f bleed is this and what was likely the cause?

A

Epidural hematoma (membrane contains it)
-wont cross suture lines

Usually from skull fracture that causes arterial bleed

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7
Q

Now you have a CT/MRI that looks like a cookie that someone nibbled around half the edge (this area where cookie is missing is the bleed).

What kind of bleed and what caused it)

A

Subdural hematoma

Shearing of bridging veins

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8
Q

If a hemorrhage occurs in the basal ganglia or cerebellum? What is the usual cause of it?

A

Hypertension!

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9
Q

What type of image is IV contrast used in?

what type of contrast is used?

A

T1 MRI images

gadolinium is the contrast

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10
Q

What CN’s are involved in smell and taste (be specific for each)?

A

smell: CN I
Trigeminal (chemosense) CNV (menthol, capsaicin, alcohol)
taste: CN VII, IX, X

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11
Q

Describe the pathway of olfaction/olfactory nerve?
Include 2nd order as well

A

ON axons–> through cribiform plate –>synapse in olfactory bulb glomeruli
2nd order neurons move down olfactory tract to primary olfactory center near the uncus OR some go to olfactory value site

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12
Q

What is olfactory epithelium (histo) like?

A

ciliated psuedostratified columnar –> non motile

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13
Q

what is special about olfactory cilia?

A

they are dendrites (with GPCR on them or interact with the R)

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14
Q

What type of receptors are odorant receptors?

A

GPCRs

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15
Q

Describe pathway for odorant to smell detection?

A

odorant–> attach to GPCR –> G protein activates odor specific Adenylate cyclase III –> binds CAMP gated ion channel –>triggers Ca+ gated Cl- channel

note this only happens in dendrite, but AP is transmitted regularly other then this/above

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16
Q

HOw many different odorant receptors and transmembrane domains are there? why are they important

A

400 diff receptors
7 transmembrane domains

These are important because they allow for multiodorant reception

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17
Q

What is special about an odorant on the body?

A

will not = [trigger] a scent AP?

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18
Q

What are the 2 most important (or noted by your professor) 2nd order neurons of olfaction pathway?

A

Mitral and tufted cells

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19
Q

What are mitral and tufted cells?

A

mitral = primary output to POC & AON

tufted cells are 2nd output (to POC & AON)

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20
Q

what are granule cells (related to olfaction)?

A

they are inhibitory (decide what signals move on)

also most common & the deepest

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21
Q

where are the tufted cells located?

A

external plexiform layer

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22
Q

Review layers of… olfactory organ/system?

A
  1. outer = ON layer
  2. glomerular (means what it sounds like)
  3. external plexiform layer (tufted cells here)
  4. mitral cell layer
  5. internal plexiform layer
  6. granule cell layer
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23
Q

What is the enterorhinal complex?
-what is it most important for? (2 things)

A

enterorhinal complex deals with memory smell relations
-most important for triggering memories from pre-adolescent age
-used for alzheimers memory regain

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24
Q

What is the overall function/role of the orbitofrontal olfactory area?

A

it integrates all sensory input

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25
Q

What is UPSIT?
-what sex is better at smelling?
-how is smell correlated with age?

A

UPSIT is a test to measure smell loss/ability

Females are always better at smelling

ABility to smell decreases with advancing age

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26
Q

What is one of alzheimers major affects on the olfactory system?

A

diminishes piriform cortex function (early on in the dz)

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27
Q

What are the major CN involved in taste (from front to back in oropharynx)?

A

7, 9 , 10

28
Q

What are the taste buds on the side of papillae called?

A

circumvallate papillae

29
Q

What is the histo of taste buds?

What is the physiologic reason for having tastebuds?

A

psuedostratified columnar epithelium embedded in squamous

Taste buds help us get good nutrients & avoid toxins (bitter)

30
Q

briefly tell me what each type of taste bud cells do? (think overall function in the system and types of cells in each category)

A

I - glial cells who maintain the environment (aka sustentacular cells)

II - DO NOT form true synapses w/ 1st order neurons
-responsible for tasting sweet, umami, bitter OR ENaC (salt)

III- form true synapses w/ 1st order neurons
-taste sour stuff only

IV - basal cells (lil’ puramid @ lower end of these) and stem cells are here

31
Q

Lets do the Type II cell signal cascade, oh boy!

(the first half is the same as odorant detection but major points have a # next to them))

A

odorant–> (1) attach to GPCR –> G protein activates odor specific Adenylate cyclase III –> binds CAMP gated ion channel –>triggers Ca+ gated Cl- channel –>starts intracellular Ca+ release –>
(2) Ca+ activates TRPM channel –> allows sodium to enter and depolarize the cell –> (3) activates the VGSC and spreads AP–> (4) VGSCs allow ATP release which realeases NTs!!

32
Q

What are Type 2 taste bud cells responsible for telling us? via what receptors and what is their structure?

A

Tells us things to crave vs avoid
CRAVE:
- umami = T1R1 & R2
-sweet = T1R2 & R3
both are heterodimers

AVOID:
-bitter = T2 R1 - 5)
this is a monomer

33
Q

What are the 3 things that activate TRPM?
(one electrolyte & 2 outside sources)

A

Ca+
stevia
temperature (warm = depolarization and thus same pathway as in type 2 cascade)

34
Q

What is Type 3 taste bud cells responsible for tasting

A

sour

35
Q

What is the signal cascade in Type 3 taste bud cells?

A

1) protons go through “novel channel) –> local depol
2)depol activates VGSCs –> make an AP
3) AP activates VGCCs –> Ca+ influx
4)Ca influx –> triggers synaptic vesicle fusion and NT release

36
Q

How many tastes can a cell type taste at one time?

A

Just one!

Its the AP frequency from the cell inputs that differentiates

37
Q

Where do the taste signals go after AP generated?

A

signals go to:
1) Nucleus Solitarius –>
2) 2nd order N go through ipsilateral Central Tegmental Tract–>
3) arrive at VPM nuc in the thalmus –>
4) go to gustatory cortex (in insula)–>
5) Orbitofrontal cortex!!!

38
Q

What 2 senses combine so we can get better flavor detection?

Where does this final detection/determination [if good or not] take place?

A

smell & taste together!

assessment/detection is done by OFC

39
Q

What is the noly sense that doesn’t relay through the thalamus?

A

olfaction

40
Q

What are the two parts of the thalamus?

A

Epithalamus & subthalamus

41
Q

What are the 2 parts of the epithalamus and what are their functions?

A

1)Habenula = limbic path for lack of reward that affects reticular system

2) Pineal gland = produces melatonin
-pineal gland can be inhibited by light

42
Q

are there a shit ton of nuclei in the thalamus?

A

yes (31 to be exact)

43
Q

what does the subthalamic nucleus do?

A

Subthalamic nuc
-it does indirect modulation of basal ganglia

44
Q

where is the zona incerta? whats it do?

A

Its in the subthalamus and is a rostral midbrain continuation

45
Q

what is the internal medullary lamina (of the thalamus)?

A

curved sheet of myelinated fibers that divide most of the nuclei in the thalamus

46
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the thalamus?

A

anterior, medial and lateral

**lateral is broken into dorsal and ventral

47
Q

what are the two main arteries that provide blood supply to the thalamus?

A

Posterior communicating artery (the tuberothalamic branch)

And a bunch of branches from the posterior cerebral artery

48
Q

What are the afferent input and efferent output of the anterior nucleus (which is actually a group of nuclei in ant division)?

A

afferent input from mammillothalamic tract–>
ant nuclei–>
sends efferent info to cingulate gyrus

49
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus:
1) whats it do/role?
2) afferents
3) efferents

A

aka association nucleus
1)gate info b/w cortical areas
2) afferents come from prefrontal cortex, olfactory and limbic structures
3)efferents sent to prefrontal cortex

50
Q

Laterodorsal nucleus (LD)
1) whats it do/role?
2) afferents
3) efferents

A

1) also association and similar to ant nucleus
2) afferent from hippocampus
3) efferent to cingulate gyrus

51
Q

What 3 nuclei of thalamus are involved in vision?

A

lateral posterior (LP)
pulvinar
lateral geniculate (LGN)

52
Q

Which is the largest nucleus in the thalamus?
What does it do?

A

Largest is Pulvinar-LP nuclei complex

Involved in vision & do the parieto-occipital-temporal association cortex

aka crosstalk?

53
Q

which nuclei of thalamus are primarily for motor control?

A

ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei

these 2 are relay nuclei for the striato cortical circuit (aka basal ganglia)

54
Q

What 2 nuclei of the thalamus are involved in touch, pain, consciousness, and proprioception?

A

Ventral posterolateral VPL & VPM (medial)

55
Q

what are the afferents and efferents for the VPL?

A

aff: medial lemniscus and spinothalamic (trunk/extremities)

eff: somatosensory cortex

56
Q

what are the afferents and efferents of the VPM?

A

aff: trigeminothalamic (head region)

eff: somatosensory cortex

57
Q

VPL & VPM segregate modalities of touch/sensation; which areas (ant, middle, and posterior) do which form of tactileness?

A

ant = proprioceptive
middle = tactile
post = nociceptive/pain

58
Q

What happens if you have a vascular event/accident in thalamogeniculate artery? (what structures are affected and what symptoms would a person have)

A

Major vpl/vpm damage =
-central pain from peripheral stim
-ataxia
-tactile insense
-thalamic pain

59
Q

What is thalamic syndrome?
what side do symptoms occur on?

A

damage to vpl/vpm
-get ataxia, tactile insense, thalamic pain

these will be on the contralateral side of the lesion

60
Q

what nuclei of the thalamus is responsible for auditory relay?

A

Medial geniculate nuclei

61
Q

what are the aff and eff for LGN?

A

input from optic N sends to 1’ visual cortex

62
Q

What 2 nuclei of the thalamus are non-specific?

A

centromedian CM
parafascicular PF

63
Q

What thalamic nuclei is considered the gatekeeper?
what is its special/specific function?

A

Thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN)

Binds gaba to itself to prevent ascending (unwanted) signals

64
Q

what are the tonic states of thalamic neurons?

when does this occur?

A

normal depolarization of thalamic neuron –> AP chain

wake or REM

65
Q

what are burst states of thalamic neurons?

A

neuron is hyperpolarized, and sensory info then blocked

This is when your sleeping

66
Q

What is the ascending reticular activating system (RAS)

A

helps with consciousness

when preoptic system inhibits RAS, you get SLEEP

Sam's Neuro (4 decks)

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