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AS Biology > 3B - The heart > Flashcards

3B - The heart Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of blood does the left side of the heart carry?

A

oxygenated

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2
Q

What type of blood does the right side of the heart carry?

A

deoxygenated

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3
Q

Describe the structure of the atria

A

Thin walled, elastic, stretch as they collects blood.

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4
Q

Describe the structure of the ventricles

A

Much thicker muscular walls than the atria as have to contract strongly to pump blood some distance - either to the lungs or the body.

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5
Q

Why does the heart have 2 pumps?

A

There is a large pressure drop as blood has to pass through tiny capillaries to present a large SA for gas exchange which creates slow blood flow to the rest of the body, therefore, we have a system in which blood is returned to the heart to increase its pressure before its distributed to the rest of the body.

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6
Q

Where does the RV pump blood to?

A

The lungs.

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7
Q

Which ventricle has thicker muscular walls?

A

The left ventricle.

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8
Q

Where does the LV pump blood to?

A

The body.

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9
Q

Why does the LV have thicker muscular walls than the RV?

A

So it can contract to create enough pressure to pump blood to the whole body not just to the lungs.

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10
Q

In what order do the chambers of the heart contract?

A

Both atria contract together and then both ventricles.

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11
Q

Which side of the heart pumps the highest volume of blood?

A

They both pump the same volume of blood.

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12
Q

Do oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix in the heart?

A

NO

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13
Q

Where are the valves in the heart?

A

Between the left atrium and ventricle and the right atrium and ventricle and between the LV and the aorta and the RV and the pulmonary artery.

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14
Q

What valve is between the LA and LV?

A

The left atrioventricular valve - the bicuspid valve.

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15
Q

What valve is between the RA and RV?

A

The right atrioventricular valve - the tricuspid valve.

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16
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve?

A

Between the LA and LV.

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17
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

Between the RA and RV.

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18
Q

Where are the semi-lunar valves?

A

Between the LV and the aorta and the RV and the pulmonary artery.

19
Q

What do the valves between the atria and ventricles do?

A

Stop the backflow of blood when the ventricles contract.

20
Q

Where do the ventricles pump blood to?

Which blood vessel?

A

The arteries.

21
Q

Where do the atria receive blood from?

Which blood vessel?

A

The veins.

22
Q

What do the pulmonary vessels do?

A

Connect the heart to the lungs.

23
Q

Which chamber of the heart does the aorta link to, what blood does it carry and where to/from?

A

From LV carries oxygenated blood to body.

24
Q

Which chamber of the heart does the vena cava link to, what blood does it carry and where to/from?

A

Brings back deoxygenated blood from the body’s tissues into the RA.

25
Q

Which chamber of the heart does the pulmonary artery link to, what blood does it carry and where to/from?

A

From RV carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it is replenished with oxygen and the carbon dioxide is removed.

26
Q

Which chamber of the heart does the pulmonary vein link to, what blood does it carry and where to/from?

A

Brings back oxygenated blood from the lungs into the LA.

27
Q

Why do the ventricles have thicker walls than the atria?

A

Because they have to push blood out of the heart whereas the atria just need to push blood a short distance into the ventricles.

28
Q

What do the atrioventricular (AV) valves do?

A

Link the atria to the ventricles and stop blood flowing back into the atria when the ventricles contract.

29
Q

What do the semi-lunar (SL) valves do?

A

Link the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and aorta, and stop blood flowing back into the heart after the ventricles contact.

30
Q

What do the cords (valve tendons) do?

A

Attach the atrioventricular valves to the ventricles to stop them being forced up into the atria when the ventricles contract.

31
Q

How do valves work?

A

They only open one way - whether they’re open or closed depends on the relative pressure of the heart chambers. If there’s higher pressure behind a valve, its forced open but if pressure is higher in front of the valve its forced shut. This means blood only flows in one direction through the heart.

32
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

An ongoing sequence of contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventrices that keeps blood continuously circulating round the body.

33
Q

What happens to the volume of the atria and ventricles when they contract and relax?

A

It changes.

34
Q

What happens to the pressure in the atria and ventricles when they contract and relax?

A

It changes.

35
Q

Why are there pressure changes in the atria and the ventricles when they contract and relax?

A

Due to the changes in chamber volume - Decreasing the volume of the chamber by contraction will increase the pressure in the chamber.

36
Q

What happens to the pressure in the heart chambers when they contract and why?

A

It increases due to the decrease in volume of the chamber.

37
Q

What happens to the pressure in the heart chambers when they relax and why?

A

It decreases due to the increase in the volume of the chamber.

38
Q

What happens to the volume of the heart chambers when they contract?

A

It decreases.

39
Q

What happens to the volume of the heart chambers when they relax?

A

It increases.

40
Q

What is the scientific name for cardiac contraction?

A

Systole.

41
Q

What is the scientific name for cardiac relaxation?

A

Diastole.

42
Q

Explain the cardiac cycle:

A
  1. Ventricles relax, atria contract: So there is a decrease in volume of the atria and therefore increasing the pressure which pushes the blood into the ventricles. There is a slight increase in ventricular pressure and volume as the ventricle receive the ejected blood from the contracting atria.
  2. Ventricles contract, atria relax: So there is an increase in the pressure in the ventricles as the volume decreases. The pressure is now higher in the ventricles than in the atria forcing the AV valves shut to prevent back flow. As pressure is highest here, the SL valves are forced open so blood can flow into the pulmonary artery and aorta.
  3. Ventricles relax, atria relax: There is high pressure in the arteries leaving the heart closing the SL valves to prevent back flow of blood back into the heart. Blood returns to the heart and the atria fill again due to the higher pressure in the vena cava and pulmonary vein. This increases the pressure of the atria and as the ventricles continue to relax, their pressure becomes lower than in the arteries so the AV valves open allowing blood to flow passively into the ventricles from the atria before the atria contract and the cycle starts again.
43
Q

When are the SL valves open and closed?

A

Open when there is high pressure in the ventricles to let blood flow out of the heart through the arteries.

Closed when there is higher pressure in the pulmonary artery and aorta than in the ventricles to prevent backflow.

44
Q

When are the AV valves open and closed?

A

Open when there is higher pressure in the atria than in the ventricles.

Closed when there is higher pressure in the ventricles than atria to prevent backflow of blood back into the atria from the ventricles.

AS Biology (47 decks)

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