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AS Biology > 2A - Cell division (Mitosis) > Flashcards

2A - Cell division (Mitosis) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 types of cell division in eukaryotes?

A

Mitosis and meiosis.

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2
Q

How many times do specialised cells go through the cell cycle?

A

Often only once.

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3
Q

What are the functions of mitosis?

A 
Growth of tissues (and whole organisms).
Replacement of lost cells.
Repair of damages tissue.
Asexual reproduction.
Formation of clone of T and B lymphocytes.
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4
Q

What are the arms of a chromosome called?

A

Chromatids.

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5
Q

What is the middle part of a chromosome called?

A

The centromere.

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6
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA when it is not wound up tightly as a chromosome.

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7
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Compact X or I shape form of chromatin formed during cell division.

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8
Q

What are chromatids?

A

The 2 identical arms of an X shaped chromosome.

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9
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The point at which 2 chromatids are joined together.

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10
Q

What a homologous chromosomes?

A

2 chromosomes originating from each parent, containing the same genes, but different alleles.

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11
Q

What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase
(Nuclear division) Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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12
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A 
(Interphase)
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
(cytokinesis)
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13
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

Cell carries out its normal functions
Cells grows and DNA unravels and replicates itself.
Organelles replicated and its ATP content is increased.
Chromosomes aren’t visible.
Not strictly part of mitosis.

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14
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle are chromosomes not visible?

A

Interphase.

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15
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle does the DNA replicate itself?

A

Interphase.

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16
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense, getting shorter and fatter, and become visible.
Centrioles move to opposite ends/poles of the cell.
Spindle apparatus form from spindle fibres at the centrioles.
Nuclear envelope breaks down.

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17
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do chromosomes condense and become visible?

A

Prophase.

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18
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do centrioles move to opposite ends/poles of the cell?

A

Prophase.

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19
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do spindle apparatus form from spindle fibres at the centrioles?

A

Prophase.

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20
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align along the equator/centre of the cell pulled by spindle apparatus.
Chromosomes become attached to the spindle by their centromere.

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21
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle does the nuclear envelope break down?

A

Prophase.

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22
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do chromosomes align along the equator/centre of the cell pulled by spindle apparatus?

A

Metaphase.

23
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Centromeres split allowing chromatids to separate.
Chromatids move towards poles, centromere first, pulled by the contracting spindle fibres. This makes chromatids appear v-shaped.

24
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do the centromeres split allowing chromatids to separate?

A

Anaphase.

25
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do chromatids move towards poles, pulled by the spindle fibres.

A

Anaphase.

26
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromatids uncoil and become long and thin again.
Spindle fibres disperse.
Nuclear envelope reforms forming 2 nuclei.
Chromosomes decondense.

27
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do the spindle fibres disperse?

A

Telophase.

28
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle does the nuclear envelope reform?

A

Telophase.

29
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do the chromosomes decondense?

A

Telophase.

30
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

A ring of protein filaments form around the equator of the cell, which then tightens and splits the cell in two.

31
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle does a ring of protein filaments form around the equator of the cell, which then tightens and splits the cell in two?

A

Cytokinesis.

32
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division that produces genetically identical cells.

33
Q

What are the 3 parts of interphase?

A

G1, S and G2.

Gap phase 1, synthesis and gap phase 2.

34
Q

What happens is gap phase 1 of interphase?

A

Cell grows and new organelles and proteins are made.

35
Q

What happens during the synthesis stage of interphase?

A

Cells replicates its DNA ready to divide by mitosis.

36
Q

What happens is gap phase 2 of interphase?

A

Cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell division are made.

37
Q

What are the 4 division stages of mitosis called?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

38
Q

What is cancer?

A

A group of around 200 diseases caused by a growth of disorder cells. It is a tumour that invades surrounding tissue.

39
Q

What is cancer the result of?

A

Uncontrolled cell division.

40
Q

What are the cell cycle and mitosis controlled by?

A

Genes.

41
Q

What happens if there is a mutation in the gene which controls cell division?

A

The cells can grow out of control rather than stopping dividing once enough new cells have been made.

42
Q

In what organs are tumours commonly found?

A 
Lungs
Prostate gland
Breast
Ovaries
Large intestine
Stomach
Oesophagus
Pancreas
43
Q

Explain what is meant by benign tumours.

A

Slow growing, doesn’t spread to other parts of the body, not classed as cancer.

44
Q

Explain what is meant by malignant tumours.

A

Fast growing, Often spread to other parts of the body, classed as cancer.

45
Q

What does the treatment of cancer often involve?

A

Killing dividing cells by blocking a part of the cell cycle.

46
Q

What is the main problem of cancer treatments?

A

They can’t distinguish between tumour cells and normal cells so often kill normal body cells that are dividing.

47
Q

What type of cell divides the fastest?

A

Tumour cells.

48
Q

What is there between each stage of the cell cycle and what are these regulated by?

A

Checkpoints regulated by control genes.

49
Q

Approximately what fraction of all cancers are preventable by a change in lifestyle?

A

1/2.

50
Q

What are 3 examples of treatment available for cancer and what type of tumour do they deal with?

A

Surgery - Benign.
Radiotherapy - Malignant.
Chemotherapy - Malignant.

51
Q

How does surgery treat cancer?

A

Removes the tumour.

52
Q

How does chemotherapy treat cancer?

A

Blocks enzymes involved in DNA synthesis.
Prevents DNA unwinding.
Inhibits synthesis of new nucleotides.
Prevents the development of the spindle.

53
Q

How does radiotherapy treat cancer?

A

Radiation damages the DNA of the cells in the tumour.

AS Biology (47 decks)

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