Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AS Biology > 2A - Cell division (Mitosis) > Flashcards

2A - Cell division (Mitosis) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of cell division in eukaryotes?

A

Mitosis and meiosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many times do specialised cells go through the cell cycle?

A

Often only once.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functions of mitosis?

A 
Growth of tissues (and whole organisms).
Replacement of lost cells.
Repair of damages tissue.
Asexual reproduction.
Formation of clone of T and B lymphocytes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the arms of a chromosome called?

A

Chromatids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the middle part of a chromosome called?

A

The centromere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA when it is not wound up tightly as a chromosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Compact X or I shape form of chromatin formed during cell division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are chromatids?

A

The 2 identical arms of an X shaped chromosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The point at which 2 chromatids are joined together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What a homologous chromosomes?

A

2 chromosomes originating from each parent, containing the same genes, but different alleles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase
(Nuclear division) Mitosis
Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A 
(Interphase)
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
(cytokinesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

Cell carries out its normal functions
Cells grows and DNA unravels and replicates itself.
Organelles replicated and its ATP content is increased.
Chromosomes aren’t visible.
Not strictly part of mitosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle are chromosomes not visible?

A

Interphase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle does the DNA replicate itself?

A

Interphase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense, getting shorter and fatter, and become visible.
Centrioles move to opposite ends/poles of the cell.
Spindle apparatus form from spindle fibres at the centrioles.
Nuclear envelope breaks down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do chromosomes condense and become visible?

A

Prophase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do centrioles move to opposite ends/poles of the cell?

A

Prophase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do spindle apparatus form from spindle fibres at the centrioles?

A

Prophase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align along the equator/centre of the cell pulled by spindle apparatus.
Chromosomes become attached to the spindle by their centromere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle does the nuclear envelope break down?

A

Prophase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do chromosomes align along the equator/centre of the cell pulled by spindle apparatus?

A

Metaphase.

23
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Centromeres split allowing chromatids to separate.
Chromatids move towards poles, centromere first, pulled by the contracting spindle fibres. This makes chromatids appear v-shaped.

24
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do the centromeres split allowing chromatids to separate?

A

Anaphase.

25
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do chromatids move towards poles, pulled by the spindle fibres.

A

Anaphase.

26
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromatids uncoil and become long and thin again.
Spindle fibres disperse.
Nuclear envelope reforms forming 2 nuclei.
Chromosomes decondense.

27
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do the spindle fibres disperse?

A

Telophase.

28
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle does the nuclear envelope reform?

A

Telophase.

29
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle do the chromosomes decondense?

A

Telophase.

30
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

A ring of protein filaments form around the equator of the cell, which then tightens and splits the cell in two.

31
Q

In what stage of mitosis/the cell cycle does a ring of protein filaments form around the equator of the cell, which then tightens and splits the cell in two?

A

Cytokinesis.

32
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division that produces genetically identical cells.

33
Q

What are the 3 parts of interphase?

A

G1, S and G2.

Gap phase 1, synthesis and gap phase 2.

34
Q

What happens is gap phase 1 of interphase?

A

Cell grows and new organelles and proteins are made.

35
Q

What happens during the synthesis stage of interphase?

A

Cells replicates its DNA ready to divide by mitosis.

36
Q

What happens is gap phase 2 of interphase?

A

Cell keeps growing and proteins needed for cell division are made.

37
Q

What are the 4 division stages of mitosis called?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

38
Q

What is cancer?

A

A group of around 200 diseases caused by a growth of disorder cells. It is a tumour that invades surrounding tissue.

39
Q

What is cancer the result of?

A

Uncontrolled cell division.

40
Q

What are the cell cycle and mitosis controlled by?

A

Genes.

41
Q

What happens if there is a mutation in the gene which controls cell division?

A

The cells can grow out of control rather than stopping dividing once enough new cells have been made.

42
Q

In what organs are tumours commonly found?

A 
Lungs
Prostate gland
Breast
Ovaries
Large intestine
Stomach
Oesophagus
Pancreas
43
Q

Explain what is meant by benign tumours.

A

Slow growing, doesn’t spread to other parts of the body, not classed as cancer.

44
Q

Explain what is meant by malignant tumours.

A

Fast growing, Often spread to other parts of the body, classed as cancer.

45
Q

What does the treatment of cancer often involve?

A

Killing dividing cells by blocking a part of the cell cycle.

46
Q

What is the main problem of cancer treatments?

A

They can’t distinguish between tumour cells and normal cells so often kill normal body cells that are dividing.

47
Q

What type of cell divides the fastest?

A

Tumour cells.

48
Q

What is there between each stage of the cell cycle and what are these regulated by?

A

Checkpoints regulated by control genes.

49
Q

Approximately what fraction of all cancers are preventable by a change in lifestyle?

A

1/2.

50
Q

What are 3 examples of treatment available for cancer and what type of tumour do they deal with?

A

Surgery - Benign.
Radiotherapy - Malignant.
Chemotherapy - Malignant.

51
Q

How does surgery treat cancer?

A

Removes the tumour.

52
Q

How does chemotherapy treat cancer?

A

Blocks enzymes involved in DNA synthesis.
Prevents DNA unwinding.
Inhibits synthesis of new nucleotides.
Prevents the development of the spindle.

53
Q

How does radiotherapy treat cancer?

A

Radiation damages the DNA of the cells in the tumour.

AS Biology (47 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions