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History - Modern(Spectrum) > 3.Advent of Europeans > Flashcards

3.Advent of Europeans Flashcards

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1
Q

PYQ themes

A

-important cities/ports & who had their control? -> DONE
Ex:who occupied pondicherry first?

-Chronology of coming to india -> DONE
Ex:which power came last

-Foreign power & their first fort -> DONE
Ex:First fort of britishers was

-Foreign power & permission to set factory at particular place & king that gave permission.
Ex:EIC got permission to set factory at

-Important port/city & facts about them
Ex: Kochi was a Dutch colony till independence.

-facts related to entry of European into India
Ex:Capturing city,First factory ,leadership

-European powers & earliest factory places -> DONE
Ex: Dutch established at

-Indian king : european officer who met them

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2
Q

why europeans had to search sea-route to India?

A
  • In 1453 Constantinople(modern day istanbul) fell to the Ottoman Turks -> mhanun ata vyapar via arab muslims
  • Red sea trade route was state monopoly -> tax khup hota

-(i) Spirit of renaissance in the 15th-century Europe.
(ii) European economy growing rapidly, leading to prosperity and
demand for luxury goods; increase in the supply of meat
requiring spices for preservation.
(iii)Capture of Constantinople in 1453, and Syria and Egypt later
by the Ottoman Turks calling for a new route to reach India
without dealing with Arabs and Turks.

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3
Q

When vasco-de-gama arrived at calicut? nationality? contemporary ruler?

A
  • 1498
  • portugese
  • Zamorin
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4
Q

Sequence of european coming to india?

A

1) Portuguese -> last to leave,1961,from goa,daman & diu
2) Dutch

3 English

4 Danes

5 French

Trick : Portugese DEaD as F**k

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5
Q

European powers & earliest factory places(not only first)?

A

1) Portugese : Calicut,cannanore
2) Dutch : 1st -> masulipatnam ; 1609 : Pulicat, north of Madras. Surat (1616), Bimlipatam (1641), Karaikal (1645), Chinsura (1653).
3) English :1st : surat(1613) ; 2nd:masulipatnam(1616)

4)Danes
Tranquebar near Tanjore

5)French :1st ->surat(1667) ; 2nd ->masulipatnam(1669) ;Mahe,
Karaikal, Balasore and Qasim Bazar

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6
Q

what was blue water policy (Cartaze system)?

A

naval trade license or pass issued by authority without which trade was prohibited. -> by portugese -> Francisco deh Almeida

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7
Q

facts related to entry of European into India

Ex:Capturing city,leadership

A

1.Portuguese
Goa : acquired from bijapur -> by alfonso
de albuquerque -> 1st indian territory
under europeans since alexander
2.Dutch

  1. English
  2. Danes
  3. French
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8
Q

Foreign power & their first fort

A
  1. Portuguese :cochin
  2. Dutch
  3. English
  4. Danes
  5. French
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9
Q

Foreign power & permission to set factory at particular place & king that gave permission.

A

1.Portuguese
a)bassein island(part of mumbai),Diu -> bahadur shah of
gujrat -> later refused
2.Dutch
3.English : Jahangir @ surat(1613);
jahangir to Thomas roe @ Agra, Ahmedabad , Broach;
Goloconda sultan -> trade freely in golocondan ports;
ruler of chandragiri @ Madras;
shah shuja -> trade in bengal;
Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar to john surman->privileges in Bengal, Gujarat & Hyderabad-> magna carta of company

4.Danes

5.French
-from Shaista Khan, the
Mughal subahdar of Bengal (who was transferred to bengal by aurangzeb from deccan due to defeat by chhatrapati), to establish a township at
Chandernagore near Calcutta

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10
Q

Territory

A
  1. Portuguese : Mumbai to Daman and Diu to the approaches to Gujarat, they controlled a narrow tract with four important ports and hundreds of towns and villages. In the south-> Mangalore, Cannanore, Cochin, and Calicut. And though their power in Malabar was not consolidated.San thome(chennai) , nagapatnam(andhra) ,hooghly
  2. Dutch
  3. English
  4. Danes
  5. French
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11
Q

which sultan invited learned priests from portugese goa in sept 1579? how many missions were sent?

A
  • Akbar

- total 3 missions -> in 1579(@fatehpur sikri) ; in 1590 ; in 1595(@lahore)

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12
Q

Portugese lost surat to whom? when?

A

to english captain Best(ship - dragon) in 1612

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13
Q

why portugese lost favour with mughals?

A
  • captured mughal ships

- lost all previleges under shah jahan

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14
Q

how portugese won & later lost hooghly

A

-got control by imperial farman -> monopolised salt manuf. -> started cruel trade by converting children in christianity -> @ 1632 mughal attacked hooghly

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15
Q

Reasons of decline of portugese

A

-Emergence of powerful dynasties in Egypt, Persia (modern day iran) and north India and
the appearance of the Marathas as neighbours;

  • marathas captured salsette & bassein @1739
  • cruel religious policies
  • became sea pirates
  • discovery of brazil,changed focus
  • spain + portugal -> fought with england & holland
  • Goa lost importance after fall of vijayanagara
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16
Q

Portugese story line

A

1498: Arrival of Vasco-da-Gama at Calicut and his grand
reception by the local king, Zamorin.
1503: Establishment of the first Portuguese fort at Cochin.
1505: Establishment of the second Portuguese fort at Cannanore.
1509: Defeat of the combined fleet of Gujarat, Egypt and Zamorin
by the Portuguese governor Francisco Almeida.
1510: Alfonso Albuquerque, the Portuguese governor, captures
Goa from Bijapur.
1530: Declaration of Goa as the Portuguese capital.
1535: Subjugation of Diu.
1559: The Portuguese capture Daman.
1596: Ouster of the Portuguese by the Dutch from South-east
Asia.
1612: Loss of Surat to the English.
1663: The Dutch win all Portuguese forts on the Malabar coast
to oust the Portuguese.

17
Q

significance of portugese

A
  • emergence of naval power
  • portugese ships carried canons
  • innovative body armour,matchclock men,ships with guns
  • heavily constructed multi-deck ships
  • use of castled prow & stern -> (most forward part of a ship and its surrounding parts ; stern -> most backword part)
  • due to them art of silversmith & goldsmith flourished at goa.
18
Q

Important events in anglo-dutch rivalary?

A

stress at Amboyna (indonesia) @1623

1667 : british gave up indonesia & dutch gave up on india,under the agreement.

19
Q

pondicherry

A
  • french lokanni bandhali -> permission by Sher Khan Lodi,bijapur governor -> 1674.
  • Dutch captured Pondicherry-> Treaty of Ryswick-> restored Pondicherry to the French.
  • the War of Spanish Succession ->had to abandon their factories at Surat, Masulipatnam and Bantam
20
Q

what is the magna carta of EIC trading in india?by whom?

A
  • bengal -> exempted from additional customs for 3k
  • permit to issue passes
  • rent more lands around Calcutta.
  • Hyderabad : freedom from duties
  • surat : levy of all duties for 10k
  • coins of EIC made valid

by mughal emporer farukhsiyaar to to john surman

21
Q

how EIC formed?

A

aadhi ek company hoti,mag baki english companies ne try kela -> tya ekatra karun EIC banali.

22
Q

English summary

A

1600 : The East India Company is established.
1609 : William Hawkins arrives at Jahangir’s court.
1611 : Captain Middleton obtains the permission of the Mughal
governor of Surat to trade there.
1613 : A permanent factory of East India Company is established
at Surat.
1615 : Sir Thomas Roe, the ambassador of King James I, arrives
at Jahangir’s court. By 1618, the ambassador succeeds
in obtaining two farmans (one each from the emperor and
Prince Khurram) confirming free trade with exemption from
inland tolls.
1616 : The Company establishes its first south factory in the south in
Masulipatnam.
1632 : The Company gets the golden farman from the Sultan of
Golconda ensuring safety and prosperity of their trade.
1633 : The Company establishes its first factory in east India in
Hariharpur, Balasore (Odisha).
1639 : The Company gets the lease of Madras from a local king.
1651 : The Company is given permission to trade at Hooghly
(Bengal).
1662 : The British King, Charles II, is given Bombay as dowry
for marrying a Portuguese princess (Catherine of Braganza).
1667 : Aurangzeb gives the English a farman for trade in Bengal.
1691 : The Company gets the imperial order to continue their trade
in Bengal in lieu of payment of Rs 3,000 a year.
1717 : The Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar issues a farman, called
Magna Carta of the Company, giving the Company a large
number of trade concessions.

23
Q

about the carnatic wars(England-france)?

A

-rivalary started with Austrian War of Succession and ended with Seven Years’ War

1st carnatic :main reason->Austrian war of sucession.
Immediate reason : britain seized some ship ,to provoke; french seized madras
Result : Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle -> bringing the Austrian
War of Succession to a conclusion.Madras back to the English
French -> got territories in North America.
-remembered for battle of St.Thome

2nd carnatic war
main reason : french na local politics madhe interfere karayacha hota
immediate reason: death of hyderabad’s nizam -> succession war
result : french defeated english,Governor Dupleix made governor of all the Mughal territories to the south of the River Krishna.
Implications : european powers na indian sultanates chi garaj nasun;indian sultanates na european powers chi garaj ahe he clear jhala.

Third Carnatic War:
Background :Austria wanted to recover Silesia in 1756, the Seven Years War (1756-63) started.
Details : Battle of wandiwash(1760) -> won by british ->no European rival in India for british
Result : the Treaty of Peace of Paris
(1763) restored to the French their factories in India, the French influence disappeared.

24
Q

Features of reign of dupleix

A

-first European to interfere in the internal
politics of the Indian rulers

-originator of the practice of subsidiary
alliance in India.

  • his weaknesses:
    1) over-optimistic for too long
    2) autocratic
    3) not man of action i.e.never led army only made plans.
25
Q

Causes for the English Success and the

French Failure?

A
  • English->private company ->instant decisions ; French ->state driven -> hence lacked commercial incentive.
  • superior navy
  • had important places Calcutta, Bombay and Madras ; French (only pondicherry)
  • French prioritised territorial expansion over commercial interests -> vice versa by englis -> english had more funds to spend in wars
  • English had many superior commanders,french only had Dupleix

-● Inadequate Military and Financial
Support

26
Q

which cotton products had great deamand?

A

cotton longcloth, (usually 35 to 50 m in length), salempores (staple cotton cloth), and morees (superior quality cotton cloth).

27
Q

How trade between Europe and Asia also helped to sustain slavery?

A

-French ships -> Europe gooods to asia ->bought cowry shells and Indian textiles,was valued in western africa ->exchanged these goods in Africa for slaves.

28
Q

Why did english succed?

A

1)Structure of the Trading Companies
English : controlled by a board
of directors -> shareholders had considerable influence
French & portugal : state owned

2)Naval Superiority
English : largest & most advanced navy

3)Industrial Revolution
English : it started in england in early 18th century. Machines invented -> spinning
Jenny, steam engine, power loom -> greatly improved production in the fields of
textiles, metallurgy, steam power & agriculture.

4)Military Skill and Discipline
english had disciplined & well trained military.

5)Stable Government
english : witnessed stable government with efficient monarchs.

France : witnessed violent revolution in 1789 and afterwards the Napoleonic Wars.
Napoleon’s defeat in 1815.

The Dutch and Spain were also involved in the 80-years war

6)Lesser Zeal for Religion
britain less interested in spreading Christianity -> people preferred their rule s compared to others

7)Use of Debt Market
britain used the debt markets to fund its wars -> promised decent returns -> hence were able to spend much more on its military than its rivals.

29
Q

reasons for decline of dutch in India?

A
  • defeat in anglo dutch rivalary

- shifted attention to malay archipelago.

30
Q

European Factories/Settlements during Mughal Rule

A

1)Portuguese : Goa(1510) ,Daman, Salsette and Bombay ,San thome near Madras and Hugli in Bengal

2) Dutch : factories at Masulipatam (1605), Pulicat (1610), Surat (1616), Bimilipatam
(1641) , Karaikal (1645), Chinsura (1653), Kasimbazar, Baranagore, Patna, Balasore, Nagapattinam (all in 1658) and Cochin (1663).

3)Danes : at Tranquebar in Tamilnadu (1620) and Serampore(Bengal).

4)French :Surat (1668), Masulipatnam (1669), Pondicherry(1673),
Chandernagore in Bengal (1690). Mahe in the Malabar, Yanam in Coromandal
(both in 1725) and Karaikal (1739).

5)English : earlier trading post in Surat (where a factory was built in 1612), and then secured Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and the Bombay Castle were the three major trade
settlements.

31
Q 
Taj mahal
by?
for?
has blend of which styles?
chief architect?
A
  1. shah-jahan
  2. Mumtaj mahal
  3. a blend of Indian, Persian and Islamic
  4. Ahmad Lahawri
32
Q

Who was dara shukoh?

A
  • s.o. shah jahan,shah jahan wanted him to become ruler
  • interested in Sufism
  • found a close connection between Hinduism and Islam.
  • translated the Upanishads from Sanskrit to Persian

History - Modern(Spectrum) (9 decks)

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