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Y1 BIO > 3A: Cells > Flashcards

3A: Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What organelles are in a animal cell/eukaryotic cell? (12)

A
  • nucleus
  • nucleolus
  • nuclear envelope
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondrian
  • ribosome
  • lysosome
  • cell surface membrane (plasma)
  • centriole
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2
Q

what is the nucleus

A

a large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope and contains chromatin and a nucleolus

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3
Q

what is the function of the nucleus (and the DNA, the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus)

A
  • controls the cells activities
  • DNA from the chromatin contains instructions on how to make proteins
  • the pores within the nucleus envelope allow substance to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
  • the nucleolus makes ribosomes
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4
Q

what is a lysosome

A

a round organelle surrounded by a membrane

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5
Q

what is the function of a lysosome

A

the lysosome contains digestive enzymes which can be used to digest invading cells or break down worn out components of the cell
- these enzymes are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the membrane surrounding the lysosome

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6
Q

what is a ribosome

A

a small organelle made up of proteins and RNA
- it can be found either free in the membrane or attached to RER

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7
Q

what is the function of a ribosome

A

to make proteins

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8
Q

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

a system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space - its surface is covered in ribosomes

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9
Q

what is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

it folds and processes proteins that have been made (translateda) at the ribosomes

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10
Q

what is smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

a system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space - has no ribosomes

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11
Q

what is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesises and processes lipids

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12
Q

what is golgi apparatus

A

a group of fluid filled, membrane bound, flattened sacs - vesicles are often seen at the edges of sacs

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13
Q

what is the function of golgi apparatus

A

it processes and packages new lipids and proteins - it also makes lysosomes

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14
Q

what are mitohondrian

A

oval shaped - has a double membrane ( inner membrane folded to form a cristae), has a matrix inside which includes enzymes ( used for respiration)

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15
Q

what is the function of mitochondrian

A

it is the site of aerobic respiration - it is where energy (ATP) is produced and provided for respiration

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16
Q

what is the centriole

A

small hollow cylinders made up of microtubes

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17
Q

what is the function of the centriole

A

involved in the separation of chromosomes during cell division

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18
Q

what are the oragnelles within a prokaryotic cell

A
  • cell membrane
  • circular (chromosonal) DNA
  • plasmid DNA
  • flagellum
  • cytoplasm
  • mesosome
  • ribosome
  • capsule
  • pili
  • murein cell wall
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19
Q

what is a mesosome

A

inward folds of plasma membrane

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20
Q

what is the cell capsule

A

secreted slime that surrounds the cell

21
Q

what is the role of the cell capsule

A

helps to protect bacteria from attacks by cells of the immune system

22
Q

what is pili

A

short hair-like structures attached to the cell

23
Q

what is the role/function of pili

A

helps prokaryotes stick to other cells
- can be used to aid transfer of genetic material between cells

24
Q

how does bacteria reproduce

A

asexually through binary fission

25
Q

what is the process of binary fission

A
  • genetic material of cell is replicated
  • cell grows larger and each set of GM begins to move to opposite ends of the cell
  • cell wall and cell membrane begin to divide to separate two sets of DNA
  • cell wall and cell membrane close around each DNA set
  • cell splits to form 2 identical cells
26
Q

what are the main pieces of a microscope

A

eyepiece lens
objective lens
stage
stage clips
lamp
fine dial
course dial
base

27
Q

what are the two types of microscopes

A

electron microscope and light microscope

28
Q

key features of a light microscope

A
  • can use living samples
  • can view in colour
  • cheap and accessible
29
Q

key features of an electron microscope

A
  • B&W only
  • samples must be dead
  • higher resolution and magnifiction than light microscope
  • expensive
30
Q

what are the two types of electron microscopes

A

Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) and Scanning Electron microscope (SEM)

31
Q

what are Transmission electron microscopes and when were they discovered

A

discovered in 1931
- use beams of elctrons
- magnification up tp 50,000,000
- produce 2D images
- expensive

32
Q

what are Transmission electron microscopes and when were they discovered

A

discovered in 1931
- use beams of elctrons
- magnification up tp 50,000,000
- produce 2D images
- expensive

33
Q

what are scanning electron microscopes and when were they discovered

A

discovered in 1965
- uses electron beams
- magnification up to 1,000,000
- produce £D images

34
Q

how to calculate magnification

A

size of image / size of real image

35
Q

what is the body organisaton system

A

cells, tssues, organs, organ systems, organisms

36
Q

what are tissues

A

groups of similar cells that all develop from the same kind of cell

37
Q

what are the 4 main types of tissue

A

epitheilal tissue
muscle tissue
connective tissue
nervous tissue

38
Q

what is epithelial tissue

A

lines internal and external surfaces

39
Q

what is muscle tissue

A

shorten or contract to produce movement

40
Q

what is mitosis

A

cell division that produces two genetically identical cells

41
Q

what are the three functions of mitosis

A

growth
repair
asexual reproduction

42
Q

what are the phases of mitosis

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

42
Q

what are the phases of mitosis

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

43
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

44
Q

what happens during interphase

A

te cell prepares for division
- DNA unravels and is replicated
- organelles are replicated
- ATP content increases
- cell swells

45
Q

what happens during prophase

A

chromosomes condense and becoming shorter and fatter - making them visible
- centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
- network of protein fibres called the spindle develop
- nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes are free in cyto

46
Q

what happens during metaphase

A
  • spindle fibre attach to ccehromatids at the centromere
  • chromatids line up at the middle of the cell
47
Q

what happens during anaphase

A

– centromere divides hence separating the sister chromatids
- SF contract pulling chromatids to opposite poles
- uses energy provided from aerobic respiration in the mito

48
Q

what happens during telophase

A
  • chromatids uncoil and become long & thin (now chromosomes)
  • nuclear envelope forms around each chromosome
  • cytoplasm divides to form 2 daughter cells

Y1 BIO (11 decks)

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