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Y1 BIO > 1A: Circulatory System > Flashcards

1A: Circulatory System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why is water a polar molecule?

A

it has a slightly negative charge and a slightly positive charge

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2
Q

how are water molecules held together ?

A

hydrogen bonds hold the molecules together

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3
Q

what does water cohesion mean?

A

water is attracted to other water molecules via H+ bonds

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4
Q

what does water adhesion mean?

A

water molecules attracted to other surfaces

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5
Q

what molecules can easily dissolve in water ??

A

polar / charged molecules

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6
Q

why does hydrophilic mean?

A

attracted to water (polar molecules)

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7
Q

what does hydrophobic mean?

A

repelled by water (non-polar molecules)

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8
Q

what is the benefit of many polar substances being able to readily dissolve in water?

A

it is easy for them to be transported around the body and in plants

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9
Q

why does water have a high heat capacity?

A

strong hydrogen bonds between the water molecules - more energy needed to break the bonds. Some of the energy supplied is used to break the bonds between the water molecules instead of to raise the temperature

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10
Q

what is water potential?

A

the ability for water to move - from a high potential to a low potential

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11
Q

how can you reduce water potential?

A

by adding solutes to the water

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12
Q

how is water a good solvent?

A

it’s a polar molecule therefore easily dissolvable- this aids in the transport of substances around the body/plants for respiratory purposes

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13
Q

what is mass transport?

A

the bulk movement of gases or liquids in one direction , usually the light a system of vessels and tubes

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14
Q

what is a circulatory system?

A

a system in which substances are transported in a flowing fluid through vessels and tubes

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15
Q

what are the two types of circulatory systems?

A

open and closed circulatory systems

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16
Q

what is an open circulatory system?

A

where the blood is pumped by a heart into body cavities/tissues. This process relies on diffusion of substances from blood to cells

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17
Q

what is a closed circulatory system?

A

where the blood is enclosed within the blood vessels and it does not make direct contact with the tissue cells

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18
Q

why is a double pump better than a singular one (pressure) ?

A

easier to maintain blood pressure (high) as more blood is being pumped at once

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19
Q

why is a double pump better than a singular one ( blood) ?

A

prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. This results in the oxygen supply being highly efficient

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20
Q

why is a double pump better than a singular one (metabolic rate)?

A

the substances can be transported around the body through the blood at a quicker rate- processes happen quicker therefore body processes happen at a more efficient rate.

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21
Q

what are the main features of a mass transport system? (4)

A
  • a system of vessels that follow a specific route
  • a way of making substances move in the right directions (waste out, nutrients in)
  • a means of moving materials quickly to meet organism needs
  • a transport medium (usually water as it carries dissolved substances)
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22
Q

what are the benefits of a mass transport system? (3)

A
  • helps to bring substances quickly from one exchange site to another
  • to maintain concentration gradients at exchange sites
  • to ensure effective cell activity (keeping waste products out and nutrients in)
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23
Q

what is a pulmonary circuit

A

circuit between the heart and the lungs

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24
Q

what is a systematic circuit

A

a circuit between the heart and the rest of the body

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25
Q

what is the benefit/purpose of elastic fibres in blood vessels?

A

they can stretch and recoil - providing vessel walls with flexibility

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26
Q

what is the benefit/purpose of smooth muscle in blood vessels?

A

when contracting / relaxing - it changes the size of the lumen (affects blood flow/pressure)

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27
Q

what is the benefit/ purpose of collagen in blood vessels ?

A

provides structural support to maintain the shape and volume of the vessel

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28
Q

what is the function of arteries?

A

they carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body

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29
Q

what is the benefit of thick tough tissue in the arteries?

A

to withstand high blood pressure

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30
Q

what is the benefit of elastic fibres in the arteries?

A

helps withstand the force of the blood as the lumen can stretch to maintain blood pressure

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31
Q

what is the benefit of smooth muscle in the arteries?

A

to make blood flow easier

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32
Q

what is the benefit of collagen in the arteries ?

A

to help the lumen stretch to adapt to blood flow

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33
Q

does the arteries have a narrow or wide lumen?

A

narrow lumen

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34
Q

what is the function of vein?

A

to carry blood away from body cells and to the heart

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35
Q

why do veins have less elastic fibres and muscle tissue in comparison to arteries?

A

veins carry blood at lower blood pressure

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36
Q

does the vein have a narrow or wide lumen?

A

wide lumen

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37
Q

why do veins have less collagen, less elastic fibres, and less smooth muscle?

A

blood is being carried at a lower pressure

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38
Q

what is the function of valve?

A

to prevent the back flow of blood and to prevent the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

39
Q

name the three valves

A

• bicuspid valve
• tricuspid valve
• semi lunar valve

40
Q

where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

between the right atrium and right ventricle

41
Q

where is the bicuspid valve located?

A

between the left atrium and the left ventricle

42
Q

where is the semi lunar valve located?

A

between the ventricles and the arteries and follow it (aorta/pulmonary artery)

43
Q

why are there larger veins aside large muscles?

A

to assist in squeezing the blood towards the heart each time the muscle contracts

44
Q

what is the function of capillaries?

A

the link blood vessels together to form a network. they are where exchange of substances between tissues take place

45
Q

why are capillaries one cell thick?

A

to increase rate of diffusion as it’s a short diffusion distance for substances

46
Q

why do capillaries have a narrow lumen?

A

to slow down the blood flow therefore the substances have enough time to exchange efficiently

47
Q

what are the four components of blood?

A

red blood cells, White blood cells, platelets and plasma

48
Q

what is function of blood?

A

to transport digested food products for use and/or storage
- also acts as a buffer to PH changes and helps to maintain body temp (thermoregulation)

49
Q

what is the function of red blood cells?

A

to carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

50
Q

how is a red blood cell adapted to its function?

A

no nucleus + biconcave disc shape therefore they have a large surface area therefore they can carry more haemoglobin

51
Q

haemoglobin + oxygen ??

A

oxyhaemoglobin

52
Q

haemoglobin + CO2??

A

carbaminohaemoglobin

53
Q

how many molecules of oxygen can bind or haemoglobin?

A

4

54
Q

how is a steep concentration gradient maintained from oxygen in the lungs to the blood?

A

oxygen binds to haemoglobin, ensuring free oxygen in the cytoplasm remains low

55
Q

do the lungs have a high or low affinity for oxygen?

A

high affinity

56
Q

what does high affinity mean?

A

substance binds easily but dissociates slowly

57
Q

what does low affinity mean?

A

substance binds slowly but dissociates easily

58
Q

what is oxygen dissociation?

A

the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation of haemoglobin

59
Q

what is partial pressure?

A

the measure of oxygen concentration (PO2)

60
Q

what does an oxygen dissociation curve show?

A

the rate at which oxygen associates and dissociates with haemoglobin a certain PO2’s

61
Q

what happens to the haemoglobin as oxygen associates to it?

A

after the first oxygen binds, the haemoglobin changes shape so that more oxygen can bind rapidly

62
Q

how does haemoglobin changing shape affect the graphs shape?

A

the graphs line steepens (looks like an S)

63
Q

if the curve on the oxygen dissociating graph shifts to the left…

A

haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen therefore oxygen loads easier in the lungs. this means that there is less oxygen present

64
Q

if the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right…

A

haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen therefore oxygen unloads quicker . this means that there is more oxygen present

65
Q

where in CO2 within the body?

A

• plasma carries 5%
• 10-20% combines with haemoglobin
• rest of CO2 reacts with water in the blood

66
Q

CO2 + water …

A

carbonic acid

67
Q

what concerts CO2 and H2O into carbonic acid?

A

enzyme called carbonic anhydrase

68
Q

what happens once carbonic acid is formed?

A

it separates into H+ ions and hydrocarbonate ions which are held in the RBC’s cytoplasm

69
Q

what can lower your bloods oxygen affinity?

A

if your blood is too acidic

70
Q

what is the blood flow of the heart?

A

Vena Cava, Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Artery, Lungs, Pulmonary Vien, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, Aorta

71
Q

what is the importance of valves and the septum in the heart?

A

to prevent the back flow of blood and the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

72
Q

what is the tendinous cords?

A

to prevent the valves from turning inside out when high pressure of blood are exegetes by the ventricles

73
Q

what is the cardiac cycle?

A

the events of a single heart beat

74
Q

what are the main steps in the cardiac cycle?

A

atrial systole , ventricular systole and diastole

75
Q

what is systole?

A

a contraction of the heart

76
Q

what is a diastole?

A

the relaxation of the heart

77
Q

what happens during a diastole?

A

the atria and ventricles relax as the the atria’s fill with blood. Semi lunar valve closes and the AV valve opens

78
Q

what happens during the atrial systole?

A

blood is forced into the ventricles as the atria contracts and the AV valve closes to prevent the back flow of blood back into the atria

79
Q

what happens during a ventricular systole?

A

the semi lunar valve opens as blood is pushed up the arteries due to the ventricle contracting

80
Q

what is the pressure during atrial systole? Why?

A

the pressure is high as the muscle is contracting , filling with blood and valves are opening and closing.
After the blood has left the atria, pressure reduces

81
Q

what is the pressure during ventricular systole?

A

high as the muscle is contracting, filling with blood and valves are opening and closing.
Once blood has left the ventricles pressure reduces

82
Q

what is the pressure during a diastole?

A

overall heart pressure is low but the pressure in the aorta is high bc blood had been pumped into it

83
Q

why is there a tiny delay between AS and VS?

A

it allows the atria to relax before the ventricle contracts

84
Q

why is the heart myogenic?

A

it initiates it’s own contractions (no conscious effort involved)

85
Q

what nodes are involved in the cardiac cycle?

A

sinoatrial node (SAN) and the atrioventricular node (AVN)

86
Q

what is the rhythm of the heart? (SAN + AVN)

A

• the SAN sends an electrical excitation wave
• the atria contracts, forcing blood through the AV valve
• after a short delay, a AVN sends out a wave of excitation
• the bundle of his (a bundle of tissues) transfers the electrical impulses down the septum
• the impulses are conducted via the purkynje fibres
• the ventricles contract from the back upwards which forces blood out the heart

87
Q

how do you calculate stroke volume?

A

cardiac Output X Heart Rate

88
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

amount of blood that’s ejected by the left ventricle in one cycle

89
Q

what is cardiac output ?

A

the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

90
Q

how does CO2 concentration affect haemoglobin?

A

the acid changes the shape of it and lowers its affinity for oxygen

91
Q

in the cardiac cycle, when is blood pressure highest

A

during systole

92
Q

what is hypertension

A

when blood pressure is over 140Hg

93
Q

what is the issue with hypertension

A

if blood pressure if over 140Hg for log periods of time, it can damage the artery lining leading to atheroscolosis

94
Q

what is a sphygmomanometer

A

a blood pressure moniter machine

Y1 BIO (11 decks)

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