Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y1 BIO > 1C: Diet and Health > Flashcards

1C: Diet and Health Flashcards

1
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

1 of the sub-groups of Carbohydrates

singular simple sugar molecular unit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

molecules that only contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

(also known as saccharides or sugars)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the importance of carbohydrates?

A

• they are the main energy supply in living organisms

• They are broken down to provide usable energy for these organisms - they can also store energy in the cells of the organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

a sugar molecule made up of two monosaccharides that have been joined together via a condensation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a condensation reaction?

A

when two hydroxide groups (OH/HO) react together and water is released during the reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what holds monosaccharides together?

A

once a condensation reaction has occurred - a covalent bond is formed called a glycosidic bond

(name may vary depending on what carbons it has linked ie 1-4 bond)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

carbohydrate polymers ,made up of multiple sugar units formed through condensation reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the structure of monosaccharides?
(fructose, glucose and galactose)

A

hexose (hexogan)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the monosaccharides you need to know?

A

• glucose
- amylose and amylopectin
• fructose
• galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what creates the disaccharide maltose?

A

glucose + glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what creates the disaccharide sucrose?

A

glucose + fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what makes the disaccharide lactose?

A

glucose + galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what makes the disaccharide lactose?

A

glucose + galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is starch made up of? and what are they?

A

Two Glucose Polymers
• amylose - polysaccharide of glucose
• amylopectin- polysaccharide of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is starch good or storing energy? Why?

A

Yes

• it is compact therefore it can store more.
• it is insoluble so it doesn’t affect the water potential of the cell and will not affect osmosis.
• does not take part in cell reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how many carbons does glucose have

A

6 carbons , 1 oxygen, 1 hydrogen, 1 hydroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

polymer of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

is glycogen good for storing energy? Why?

A

Yes

• it acts as an immediate energy store as it is stored in the liver- can be readily converted into glucose
• contains 1,4 & 1,6 glycosidic bonds therefore it has more branches than starch - more glucose molecules are attached to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the three polysaccharides you need to know?

A

glycogen,amylose and amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what makes up the polysaccharides amylose and amylopectin?

A

chains of glucose monomers held together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds through condensation reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what makes up the polysaccharide glycogen?

A

glucose monomers held together through 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds through condensation reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how does insolubility enable starch to be a storage substance?

A

it doesn’t affect the rate of osmosis as the water potential of the cell does not change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the shape of starch and why is it important?

A
  • has a spiral shape (hexose)
  • makes it more compact therefore it can hold more energy
  • takes up less space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is cellulose made up of?

A

Chains of beta glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is glycogen made up of?
Chains of alpha glucose
26
what is hydrolysis?
when water is added into the reaction, with the use of enzymes, the glycosidic bond is broken and therefore breaking the polymer
27
what is amylose made up of?
alpha glucose molecules joined together by 1-4 glycosidic bonds
28
what are the benefits of a hexose structure?
more compact and less soluble than glucose
29
what is amylopectin made from?
alpha glucose molecules bonded with 1-4 glycosidic bonds and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
30
what is the structure of amylose?
unbranched hexose strand (helix)
31
what is the structure of amylopectin?
branched straight chain
32
explain how the structure of amylopectin and glycogen make then suitable for storing energy? (3)
• branched strand therefore more energy is released bc more hydrolysis takes place • it is insoluble therefore water doesn’t go into the cell via osmosis (prevents swelling of the cell) • has branches therefore is more compact and can hold more • A large molecule therefore it is too big to diffuse across the membrane (minimises loss of energy)
33
Describe the structure of starch? (5)
• made up of amylose and amylopectin • long chain of alpha glucose molecules • amylose is an unbranched polymer that spirals as the chain lengthens, makingit more compact for storage • amylopectin is a straight chain with branches that can readily release energy through hydrolysis
34
difference between polysaccharides glycogen and amylopectin ?
• glycogen has more beaches therefore can carry more energy • glycogen is more compact therefore less space is needed for it to be stored • both are insoluble
35
what are lipids?
molecules containing carbon,hydrogen and oxygen
36
what are fats?
lipids at room temperature
37
what are oils ?
lipids at room temperature that are liquid
38
why is a lipid not a polymer?
they are not built from repeating units - they are complex molecules called macromolecules
39
why do lipids supply twice the amount of energy as carbohydrates?
lipids contain a higher amount of hydrogen and carbon therefore more energy can be released
40
what are the uses of lipids?
• source of energy • can be used for energy storage • for biological membranes • waterproofing • insulation • cushioning - to protect organs • steroid hormones
41
what is a triglyceride?
one glycerol molecule joined together with three fatty acids using an ester bond
42
what is an ester bond?
where two hydroxide atoms bond and water is released- leftover Oxygen bonds to carbon
43
how is a triglycerides synthesised?
1. a hydrogen atom on the glycerol molecule bonds to a hydroxyl group on the fatty acid - releasing a molecule of water (this is the condensation reaction 2. the remaining oxygen atom bonds to carbon atoms (this is the ester bond)
44
what is the formula of glycerol ?
C3H8O3
45
what is a saturated triglyceride?
surrounded by hydrogen and do not have any double bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tails
46
what is a unsaturated triglycerides?
not fully surrounded by hydrogen and has double bonds between some of the carbon atoms
47
how to saturated triglycerides appear
a straight chain
48
how to unsaturated triglycerides appear?
a kinked chain
49
where are saturated lipids found?
animal fats
50
where are unsaturated lipids found?
plants
51
how is energy supplied to organsims
food
52
what is an energy budget
the amount of energy taken in by an organism and the amount of energy used up by an organism
53
what can energy imbalance cause
a change in weight
54
how can an energy imbalance cause weight gain
if energy intake is higher than energy output , excess energy is converted into fat reserves - if the energy difference is sustained over a long time, the person may become obese
55
how can an energy imbalance cause weight loss
if energy intake is lower than energy output, the body takes the energy from the fat reserves within the body - if difference is sustained the person is likely to become underweight
56
what is the recommended daily calorie intake for women
2000
57
what is the recommended daily calorie intake for men
2500
58
how do you calculate energy budget
energy input - output
59
what is needed to maintain homeostatis ( essential body processes)
a constant supply of energy
60
In what 4 things are Basal Matabolic Rate higher in
- males - heavier people - young people - people who are active
61
what is a basal metabolic rate
the energy needed for essential bodily processes to take place
62
how do you calculate BMI
weight (kg) divided by height^2 (m)
63
What is your BMI if you are considered underweight
under 20
64
what is your BMI if you are normal in weight
20-25
65
what is your BMI if you are considered over weight
25-30
66
what is your BMI if you are considered obese
over 30
67
what is the 'normal' women waist:hip ratio
0.85
68
what is the 'normal' male waist:hip ratio
0.9
69
how does cholesterol affect CVD
too much can increase risk to CVD
70
what is cholesterol
a type of lipid made in the body
71
what is the function of cholesterol
to maintain the integrity of cell membranes
72
how does cholesterol travel through the bloodstream
it combines with lipoproteins
73
what is the difference between HDLs or LDLs
HDLs are mainly protein LDLs are mainly lipids
74
Are HDLs saturated or unsaturated
unsaturated
75
are LDLs saturated or unsaturated
saturated
76
what is the function of HDLs
to transport cholesterol to the live and reduce total blood cholesterol levels
77
what is the functions of LDLs
to transport cholesterol to cells from the liver and to increase blood cholesterol levels
78
how do saturated fats effect diet
the increase blood cholesterol levels
79
how do unsaturated fats effect diet
decrease blood cholesterol levels
80
what are statins
drugs used to lower LDLs - this helps reduce the build up of lipoproteins in arteries
81
what do statins do
they lower blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting the production of it in the liver
82
what side effects can statins have
headcahes, pins & needles, abdominal pain, nausea, liver failure, muscle damage, memory loss, joint pain
83
what fats are good for the body
HDLs / unsaturated
84
what fats are bad for the body
LDLs / Saturated
85
how do saturated fats affect blood
increase blood cholesterol which increases risk of a thermos formation
86
what is the effect of unsaturated fats in blood
decreases blood cholesterol level which reduces risks of atheroma formation
87
what is cardiovascular disease
a disease where blood flow is reduced to the heart and blood vessels
88
what are the 10 CVD risk factors
Smoking, Salt, Exercise, Obesity, Cholesterol, Alcohol, Age, Gender, Genetics, Stress
89
how does smoking affect CVD
reduces the levels of HDLs in your blood stream which increases the risk of atheroma formation in arteries due to cholesterol deposition
90
how does salt affect CVD
increases the risk of having high blood pressure which leadings to artery lining damage and atheroma formation
91
how does exercise affect CVD
lack of exercise means that the heart will not work as efficiently as it should as exercise improves blood circulation and increases levels of HDLs in the body
92
How does obesity affect CVD
High blood pressure induced - the person has a higher body mass therefore they need a higher blood supply to supply oxygen and nutrients to their body LDL levels increase-> increased risk of atheroma formation and atheroscolosis
93
how does cholesterol affect CVD
- the higher the levels of cholesterol/LDLs in the blood, the higher the risk of atheroma formation - cholesterol is broken down in liver-> if there is too much LDL in blood, the cholesterol is not broken down and remains in blood
94
how does alcohol affect CVD
decreases blood flow which increases blood pressure - can also lead to obesity
95
how does age affect CVD
arteries become less elastic with age which can increase blood pressure and increase the risk of damaging the artery lining
96
how does gender affect CVD
women have a lower risk of atheroma formation bc they have a higher level of HDLs in their body bc they have higher oestrogen levels
97
how does genetics affects CVD
inherited alleles can increase the risk of atheroscolosis - some genes can either increase or decrease risk
98
how does stress affect CVD
stress causes the release of the hormone adrenaline-> this increases heart rate and constricts arteries which increases blood pressure
99
how do you calculate blood pressure
force / surface area of vessel

Y1 BIO (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions