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Y1 BIO > 1C: Diet and Health > Flashcards

1C: Diet and Health Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

1 of the sub-groups of Carbohydrates

singular simple sugar molecular unit

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2
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

molecules that only contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

(also known as saccharides or sugars)

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3
Q

what is the importance of carbohydrates?

A

• they are the main energy supply in living organisms

• They are broken down to provide usable energy for these organisms - they can also store energy in the cells of the organism

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4
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

a sugar molecule made up of two monosaccharides that have been joined together via a condensation reaction

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5
Q

what is a condensation reaction?

A

when two hydroxide groups (OH/HO) react together and water is released during the reaction.

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6
Q

what holds monosaccharides together?

A

once a condensation reaction has occurred - a covalent bond is formed called a glycosidic bond

(name may vary depending on what carbons it has linked ie 1-4 bond)

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7
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

carbohydrate polymers ,made up of multiple sugar units formed through condensation reactions

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8
Q

what are the structure of monosaccharides?
(fructose, glucose and galactose)

A

hexose (hexogan)

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9
Q

what are the monosaccharides you need to know?

A

• glucose
- amylose and amylopectin
• fructose
• galactose

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10
Q

what creates the disaccharide maltose?

A

glucose + glucose

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11
Q

what creates the disaccharide sucrose?

A

glucose + fructose

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12
Q

what makes the disaccharide lactose?

A

glucose + galactose

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13
Q

what makes the disaccharide lactose?

A

glucose + galactose

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14
Q

what is starch made up of? and what are they?

A

Two Glucose Polymers
• amylose - polysaccharide of glucose
• amylopectin- polysaccharide of glucose

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15
Q

Is starch good or storing energy? Why?

A

Yes

• it is compact therefore it can store more.
• it is insoluble so it doesn’t affect the water potential of the cell and will not affect osmosis.
• does not take part in cell reactions.

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16
Q

how many carbons does glucose have

A

6 carbons , 1 oxygen, 1 hydrogen, 1 hydroxide

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17
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

polymer of glucose

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18
Q

is glycogen good for storing energy? Why?

A

Yes

• it acts as an immediate energy store as it is stored in the liver- can be readily converted into glucose
• contains 1,4 & 1,6 glycosidic bonds therefore it has more branches than starch - more glucose molecules are attached to it

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19
Q

what are the three polysaccharides you need to know?

A

glycogen,amylose and amylopectin

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20
Q

what makes up the polysaccharides amylose and amylopectin?

A

chains of glucose monomers held together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds through condensation reactions

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21
Q

what makes up the polysaccharide glycogen?

A

glucose monomers held together through 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds through condensation reactions

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22
Q

how does insolubility enable starch to be a storage substance?

A

it doesn’t affect the rate of osmosis as the water potential of the cell does not change.

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23
Q

what is the shape of starch and why is it important?

A
  • has a spiral shape (hexose)
  • makes it more compact therefore it can hold more energy
  • takes up less space
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24
Q

what is cellulose made up of?

A

Chains of beta glucose

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25
Q

what is glycogen made up of?

A

Chains of alpha glucose

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26
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

when water is added into the reaction, with the use of enzymes, the glycosidic bond is broken and therefore breaking the polymer

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27
Q

what is amylose made up of?

A

alpha glucose molecules joined together by 1-4 glycosidic bonds

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28
Q

what are the benefits of a hexose structure?

A

more compact and less soluble than glucose

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29
Q

what is amylopectin made from?

A

alpha glucose molecules bonded with 1-4 glycosidic bonds and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

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30
Q

what is the structure of amylose?

A

unbranched hexose strand (helix)

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31
Q

what is the structure of amylopectin?

A

branched straight chain

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32
Q

explain how the structure of amylopectin and glycogen make then suitable for storing energy? (3)

A

• branched strand therefore more energy is released bc more hydrolysis takes place
• it is insoluble therefore water doesn’t go into the cell via osmosis (prevents swelling of the cell)
• has branches therefore is more compact and can hold more
• A large molecule therefore it is too big to diffuse across the membrane (minimises loss of energy)

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33
Q

Describe the structure of starch? (5)

A

• made up of amylose and amylopectin
• long chain of alpha glucose molecules
• amylose is an unbranched polymer that spirals as the chain lengthens, makingit more compact for storage
• amylopectin is a straight chain with branches that can readily release energy through hydrolysis

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34
Q

difference between polysaccharides glycogen and amylopectin ?

A

• glycogen has more beaches therefore can carry more energy
• glycogen is more compact therefore less space is needed for it to be stored
• both are insoluble

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35
Q

what are lipids?

A

molecules containing carbon,hydrogen and oxygen

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36
Q

what are fats?

A

lipids at room temperature

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37
Q

what are oils ?

A

lipids at room temperature that are liquid

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38
Q

why is a lipid not a polymer?

A

they are not built from repeating units - they are complex molecules called macromolecules

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39
Q

why do lipids supply twice the amount of energy as carbohydrates?

A

lipids contain a higher amount of hydrogen and carbon therefore more energy can be released

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40
Q

what are the uses of lipids?

A

• source of energy
• can be used for energy storage
• for biological membranes
• waterproofing
• insulation
• cushioning - to protect organs
• steroid hormones

41
Q

what is a triglyceride?

A

one glycerol molecule joined together with three fatty acids using an ester bond

42
Q

what is an ester bond?

A

where two hydroxide atoms bond and water is released- leftover Oxygen bonds to carbon

43
Q

how is a triglycerides synthesised?

A
  1. a hydrogen atom on the glycerol molecule bonds to a hydroxyl group on the fatty acid - releasing a molecule of water (this is the condensation reaction
  2. the remaining oxygen atom bonds to carbon atoms (this is the ester bond)
44
Q

what is the formula of glycerol ?

A

C3H8O3

45
Q

what is a saturated triglyceride?

A

surrounded by hydrogen and do not have any double bonds between the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tails

46
Q

what is a unsaturated triglycerides?

A

not fully surrounded by hydrogen and has double bonds between some of the carbon atoms

47
Q

how to saturated triglycerides appear

A

a straight chain

48
Q

how to unsaturated triglycerides appear?

A

a kinked chain

49
Q

where are saturated lipids found?

A

animal fats

50
Q

where are unsaturated lipids found?

A

plants

51
Q

how is energy supplied to organsims

A

food

52
Q

what is an energy budget

A

the amount of energy taken in by an organism and the amount of energy used up by an organism

53
Q

what can energy imbalance cause

A

a change in weight

54
Q

how can an energy imbalance cause weight gain

A

if energy intake is higher than energy output , excess energy is converted into fat reserves
- if the energy difference is sustained over a long time, the person may become obese

55
Q

how can an energy imbalance cause weight loss

A

if energy intake is lower than energy output, the body takes the energy from the fat reserves within the body
- if difference is sustained the person is likely to become underweight

56
Q

what is the recommended daily calorie intake for women

A

2000

57
Q

what is the recommended daily calorie intake for men

A

2500

58
Q

how do you calculate energy budget

A

energy input - output

59
Q

what is needed to maintain homeostatis ( essential body processes)

A

a constant supply of energy

60
Q

In what 4 things are Basal Matabolic Rate higher in

A
  • males
  • heavier people
  • young people
  • people who are active
61
Q

what is a basal metabolic rate

A

the energy needed for essential bodily processes to take place

62
Q

how do you calculate BMI

A

weight (kg) divided by height^2 (m)

63
Q

What is your BMI if you are considered underweight

A

under 20

64
Q

what is your BMI if you are normal in weight

A

20-25

65
Q

what is your BMI if you are considered over weight

A

25-30

66
Q

what is your BMI if you are considered obese

A

over 30

67
Q

what is the ‘normal’ women waist:hip ratio

A

0.85

68
Q

what is the ‘normal’ male waist:hip ratio

A

0.9

69
Q

how does cholesterol affect CVD

A

too much can increase risk to CVD

70
Q

what is cholesterol

A

a type of lipid made in the body

71
Q

what is the function of cholesterol

A

to maintain the integrity of cell membranes

72
Q

how does cholesterol travel through the bloodstream

A

it combines with lipoproteins

73
Q

what is the difference between HDLs or LDLs

A

HDLs are mainly protein
LDLs are mainly lipids

74
Q

Are HDLs saturated or unsaturated

A

unsaturated

75
Q

are LDLs saturated or unsaturated

A

saturated

76
Q

what is the function of HDLs

A

to transport cholesterol to the live and reduce total blood cholesterol levels

77
Q

what is the functions of LDLs

A

to transport cholesterol to cells from the liver and to increase blood cholesterol levels

78
Q

how do saturated fats effect diet

A

the increase blood cholesterol levels

79
Q

how do unsaturated fats effect diet

A

decrease blood cholesterol levels

80
Q

what are statins

A

drugs used to lower LDLs - this helps reduce the build up of lipoproteins in arteries

81
Q

what do statins do

A

they lower blood cholesterol levels by inhibiting the production of it in the liver

82
Q

what side effects can statins have

A

headcahes, pins & needles, abdominal pain, nausea, liver failure, muscle damage, memory loss, joint pain

83
Q

what fats are good for the body

A

HDLs / unsaturated

84
Q

what fats are bad for the body

A

LDLs / Saturated

85
Q

how do saturated fats affect blood

A

increase blood cholesterol which increases risk of a thermos formation

86
Q

what is the effect of unsaturated fats in blood

A

decreases blood cholesterol level which reduces risks of atheroma formation

87
Q

what is cardiovascular disease

A

a disease where blood flow is reduced to the heart and blood vessels

88
Q

what are the 10 CVD risk factors

A

Smoking, Salt, Exercise, Obesity, Cholesterol, Alcohol, Age, Gender, Genetics, Stress

89
Q

how does smoking affect CVD

A

reduces the levels of HDLs in your blood stream which increases the risk of atheroma formation in arteries due to cholesterol deposition

90
Q

how does salt affect CVD

A

increases the risk of having high blood pressure which leadings to artery lining damage and atheroma formation

91
Q

how does exercise affect CVD

A

lack of exercise means that the heart will not work as efficiently as it should as exercise improves blood circulation and increases levels of HDLs in the body

92
Q

How does obesity affect CVD

A

High blood pressure induced - the person has a higher body mass therefore they need a higher blood supply to supply oxygen and nutrients to their body
LDL levels increase-> increased risk of atheroma formation and atheroscolosis

93
Q

how does cholesterol affect CVD

A
  • the higher the levels of cholesterol/LDLs in the blood, the higher the risk of atheroma formation
  • cholesterol is broken down in liver-> if there is too much LDL in blood, the cholesterol is not broken down and remains in blood
94
Q

how does alcohol affect CVD

A

decreases blood flow which increases blood pressure - can also lead to obesity

95
Q

how does age affect CVD

A

arteries become less elastic with age which can increase blood pressure and increase the risk of damaging the artery lining

96
Q

how does gender affect CVD

A

women have a lower risk of atheroma formation bc they have a higher level of HDLs in their body bc they have higher oestrogen levels

97
Q

how does genetics affects CVD

A

inherited alleles can increase the risk of atheroscolosis
- some genes can either increase or decrease risk

98
Q

how does stress affect CVD

A

stress causes the release of the hormone adrenaline-> this increases heart rate and constricts arteries which increases blood pressure

99
Q

how do you calculate blood pressure

A

force / surface area of vessel

Y1 BIO (11 decks)

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