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Ph- ELSS > 3a,b- Changes To C + W Cycle > Flashcards

3a,b- Changes To C + W Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 land use changes that will affect carbon + water cycles

A

Urbanisation
Farming
Forestry

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2
Q

How might urbanisation , farming + forestry affect carbon cycle

A

Urbanisation =
Decrease in biomass + store in soils due to less present in urban areas
- urban areas produce a lot of CO2 (heating, transport)

Farming =
Reduce carbon store in biomass above + below ground
Crops removed takes away the nutrients + organic matter for decomposition

Forestry =
Trees are carbon stores = however they do not keep same rate of carbon capture as they get older = reach equilibrium where carbon taken in is balanced by falling leaves + branches

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3
Q

How can urbanisation , farming and forestry affect water cycle

A

Urbanisation =
Impermeable substances = little to no soil or groundwater stores = the drains are designed to move water rapidly to stream/river = high precipitation could lead to flooding + large increase in river discharge

Farming =
Machinery can compact soils = reducing infiltration
Ploughing increases evaporation = fires out soils

Forestry =
High interception but depends on type of tree
High transpiration + evaporation (due to interception on leaves)

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4
Q

How does melting terrestrial ice affect CO2 in ocean

A

Addition of cold meltwater = increases volume of oceans = more CO2 can diffuse into ocean

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5
Q

How might increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide affect a place

A

Increase temps = changing pattern of precipitation can lead to desertification

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6
Q

How might warming temps affect CO2 dissolved

A

Warming temps = oceans cannot store as much = more CO2 in atmosphere

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7
Q

What are 3 short term changes that can happen

A

Diurnal (day + night)
Seasonal
Direct human activity

  • Volcanic eruptions releasing CO2 = 65 Million tonnes /yr
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8
Q

what are 2 long term changes that can happen

A

Tectonic activity = uplift of new land + carbon to be weathered

Natural climate change = glacial periods more water stored as ice + more carbon in oceans

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9
Q

What is the impact of water extraction

A

If done in surface level = reduce channel flows
On groundwater level = reduce aquifer store of water = streams may dry up

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10
Q

How much CO2 is contributes to atmosphere a year due to fossil fuel combustion

A

10 billion tonnes

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11
Q

What is carbon sequestration

A

Carbon capture + storage aims to reduce CO2 emissions from fuel combustion
- locks carbon away underground
Very expensive however

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12
Q

How might increasing temperatures act as a negative feedback loop to reduce temps - water vapour

A

Increase in water vapour + evaporation = more clouds = increase cloud cover from sun = lower temps

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13
Q

Positive feedback loop of decomposition + temps

A

Increase temps = more decomposition = more carbon released = high temps
Cycle repeats

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14
Q

What 3 management strategies are there to manage the water cycle

A

Forestry
Water allocation
Drainage basin planning

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15
Q

How much water is consumed by agriculture

A

75%
- lost by evaporation or too much water = water lost by percolation

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16
Q

What is an example of water allocation

A
  • farmers collecting water in tanks = helps manage water
  • water traded in markets = encourage users to appreciate value of water
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17
Q

How is drainage basin planning useful in managing water cycle

A
  • land use decisions can be based on drainage basins
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18
Q

What are the 2 main IDEAS in managing carbon cycle

A

Improving carbon sinks + reducing carbon emissions

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19
Q

How much land has China planted trees in - afforestation

A

Planted trees over 400,000km since 1980
- an example of a strategy to improve carbon sinks

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20
Q

How many hectares of land has the uk government converted farmland to wetland

A

400 hectares of land converted back to wetlands in east Cambridgeshire = peat stores 2x as much carbon as woodland = wetland restoration

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21
Q

How much carbon is stored in the Congo basin wetland

A

30 gigatonnes = 15 years worth of USA emissions

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22
Q

How is Crop Residue as a improved agriculture technique an effective way to reduce carbon Emissions

A

Replacing carbon as you go by putting “mulch” in between crops as they develop = nutrients + carbon store in soil kept steady
= easily repeatable but small scale

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23
Q

Give an example of an international agreement to reduce carbon emmisions

A

Paris climate change convention 2015 = aims to reduced CO2 emissions below 60% of 2010 levels by 2050

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24
Q

Why are international agreements essential but also flawed

A

Global cooperation is key to reduce emissions as global warming is a global problem

Struggles to enforce agreements + developing countries feel it’s unfair as already developed countries has there chance when there were no restrictions

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25
Q

Give 2 ways to improve carbon sinks + 2 ways to reduce carbon emmisions

A

Improve =
Afforestation
Wetland restoration

Reduce=
International agreements
Improved agricultural techniques

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26
Q

What strategy’s have been put in place to manage Aral Sea

A

Construction of 12km dyke/dam connecting North + South Aral Sea = control water spillage into south sea

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27
Q

How much water has increases in Aral Sea following building of dam

A

After only 7 months = 3m water rise
= boosts flow of water into north Aral Sea

however South Aral sea remains unchanged

28
Q

How much had the Aral Sea shrank from 1960s

A

90%

29
Q

Where is the Aral Sea

A

Kahzakstan

30
Q

What percentage of terrestrial carbon stores are in wetlands despite occupying 10% of land surface

A

35%

31
Q

What is the idea of Cap and trade strategy

A

Country’s/Companies can pay clean companies that didn’t exceed the cap to offset their extra carbon emissions

Brings the idea that polluters have to pay while clean companies are rewarded

Economic incentive to lower a company’s emissions = earn “carbon credits” to sell to other companies who exceeded cap

32
Q

When did the EU bring in the idea of Cap and trade

A

2005

33
Q

What is a limitation of cap and trade strategy

A

Most schemes are voluntary
Companies + countries don’t have to participate

34
Q

State 2 aims of drainage basin planning

A

Increase stores of water available within drainage basin

Manage flows of water to reduce outputs

35
Q

How does improving forestry techniques protect the water cycle - Explanation

A

Trees intercept rainfall slowing their fall = more time for water to infiltrate into soil

Reduces surface runoff = lowering flood risk

Additionally more water in soil = more water in plants/roots = more transpiration = higher store in atmosphere + more precip

36
Q

How many acres does the Amazon regional protected areas (ARPA) programme cover

A

130 million acres

37
Q

Between 2000-2012 how much has deforestation decreased

A

75%

38
Q

Why might improving forestry techniques not work

A

Many EDCs rely on forest for income = unfair that’s ACs had there chance to develop and they can’t = Difficult to incentivise + maintain constant investment

Afforestation is also very slow due to lack of nutrients= can be impossible to restore biodiversity

Globally people are more concerned for carbon cycle = forestry links to carbon = more investment/Interest globally= more likely to succeed

39
Q

What does improving forestry techniques include

A

Protect and restore forests
- Trees intercept rainfall= More infiltration= higher store on soil= more transpiration= higher atmospheric store+ more precipitation

  • More infiltration= lower flood risk
40
Q

Give an example of a place using water allocation

A

Queensland Australia has used water allocation markets since 2007-

= allows people / companies to use a specific share of water in drainage basin
= water can be traded + shows ppl value of water as resource

41
Q

Explanation of how water allocation schemes protect water cycle - explain

A

Encourage use of water conservation strategies:
Low flow devices ( toilets + washing machine) reduce extraction + decrease Sewerage flow

Methods to retain water = prevent wastage in agriculture- drip irrigation

Water harvesting = Storage by farmer in tanks

42
Q

Give a way to reduce wastage of water in agriculture
- 75% of water uptake is for agriculture

A

Drip irrigation

= place water directly into root zone to minimise evaporation + loss

43
Q

Evaluation of water allocation strategies

A

Amount of water in basin changes = population/Demand, climate

Political instability can impact shares of water

Water as a resource is more valued = less wastage

44
Q

What is drainage basin planning

A

Monitoring inputs, outputs of drainage basin

45
Q

Give an example of a drainage basin plan

A

Thames valley river basin

= physical moderations to river = widening + deepening
= Abstraction licensing eg: Hosepipe ban

46
Q

What does monitoring of drainage basin planning do to protect water cycle

A

Prevent low flow

Highlight areas for Management/afforestation

47
Q

Evaluate how effective drainage basin planning is

A

Drainage basins span multiple districts/County’s = hard to control

Doesn’t “Restore” cycle = limits change which is ongoing

Multiple strategies included = more likely to be effective

Hosepipe bans = difficult to enforce

48
Q

Diagram of drainage basin

A
49
Q

How can monitoring be a strategy to manage carbon/water cycles

A

Highlight areas where management is needed

50
Q

What percentage of fossil fuel emissions are absorbed by phytoplankton

A

50%

51
Q

Name a key player involved in afforestation by providing economic incentives to countries to protect forests

A

REDD

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation + Degradation

52
Q

What is a Drainage Basin

A

Area drained by river and its Tributaries

53
Q

How many states does the Mississippi drainage basin cover in USA

A

31

54
Q

what does widening and deepening the river channel in drainage basin planning actually do to protect water cycle

A

Increase amount of water stored in River = Lower flood risk

55
Q

What does carbon sequestration aim to do

A

Reduce CO2 in atmosphere by locking away CO2 underground

56
Q

why could carbon sequestration be repeatable

A

The Rock needed for sequestration = Basalt is common and found everywhere

57
Q

Limitations of Carbon Sequestration

A

Expensive and barriers such as development cost

also energy intensive

58
Q

When did The UK stop financial support of Carbon Sequestration/ CCS projects
( Carbon, Capture and Storage)

A

2015

59
Q

Sewerage Flow + why is decreased sewerage flow from water conservation techniques useful

A

Amount of sewage or wastewater that flows through a sewer system

Reduce amount of waste water = reducing amount of extraction of water from basin

60
Q

How does carbon affect Water Cycle

A

1- CO2 in atmosphere = photosynthesis = transpire water from plants to atmosphere = more precipitation
2- More vegetation = Increase in Interception = decrease surface run off + higher soil store/Infiltration
3- greenhouse effect = higher temps = melting of land Ice = higher ocean store or more evaporation = changes in patterns of precipitation

61
Q

How does water affect Carbon Cycle

A

1-Melting of permafrost = release CO2 into atmosphere
2- Precipitation = more vegetation = more photosynthesis + more animals/biodiversity + Respiration
3- Melting of terrestrial Ice/Glaciers= Addition of cold meltwater = increases volume of oceans = more CO2 can diffuse into ocean = Cold Oceans can absorb more (Rising Temps means that this impact is limited)

62
Q

how much CO2 does volcanic activity add to atmosphere a year - Short term change

A

65 Million Tonnes

63
Q

How do wetlands impact Carbon Cycle

A

Wetlands act as a carbon sink, trapping carbon as partially decomposed biomass - Eg: Peat Soils

64
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration and farting of cows producing methane significant

A

Methane is a far more potent Greenhouse gas
= much higher heat trapping ability
20x global warming potential

65
Q

how much more carbon can Peat store than Woodland - Wetland Trestoration

A

2x

Ph- ELSS (4 decks)

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