1a,b,c- Stores+Flows+importance

Question 1

Is earth a open or closed system in material

Answer 1

Closed = no material can escape

Question 2

Precipitation

Answer 2

Moisture (rain,snow) falling from clouds to ground

Question 3

Interception

Answer 3

When precipitation is caught by leaves or branches of vegetation before it hits ground

Question 4

Ablation

Answer 4

Melting of ice or snow and/or evaporation

Question 5

Surface run off

Answer 5

Flow of rainwater over the ground
- not confined to a channel

Question 6

Infiltration

Answer 6

Movement of water from surface into soil

Question 7

Through flow

Answer 7

Movement of water through soil into streams or river channels

Question 8

Percolation

Answer 8

Movement of water from soil or surface into rocks

Question 9

Groundwater flow

Answer 9

Movement of water though stores in bedrock (aquifers)

Question 10

What is the cryoshere

Answer 10

Solid water / ice

Question 11

Lithosphere

Answer 11

Land/rocks

Question 12

Biosphere

Answer 12

Living things/ biomass

Question 13

Hydrosphere

Answer 13

Liquid water

Question 14

Largest store of water is ?

Answer 14

Oceans - 97% all water stored in oceans

Question 15

Largest store of carbon

Answer 15

Sedimentary rock

Question 16

Second largest store of carbon

Answer 16

Oceans

Question 17

Where does the energy that drives the cycles come from

Answer 17

The sun

Question 18

Summary of slow carbon cycle

Answer 18

1- Atmospheric CO2 dissolved into oceans = marine organism take this in
2- organisms die + sink to floor = over millions of years pressure converts deposits into sedimentary rock
3- carbon stays there until removed either by human activity or by plate movement or rocks at surface can be weathered

Question 19

Summary of fast carbon cycle

Answer 19

All fast process =
Respiration or photosynthesis
Dissolving co2 into water
Combustion

Question 20

Why does precipitation occur

Answer 20

When cloud of condensed water gets too heavy for warm air to keep up so falls usually as rain

Question 21

Convection rainfall + why does air rise

Answer 21

Sun heats land and air above
= warm air rises cools and condenses = rain can then occur

Question 22

Relief rainfall + why does air rise

Answer 22

Warm moist air rises over high areas = air cools + condenses = rains
- on the other side of the high area will be protected from rain

Question 23

Frontal rainfall + why does air rise

Answer 23

Warm air forced over cold air = cools and condenses = rain

Question 24

Advection rainfall + why does air rise

Answer 24

Warm air does not rise = moves over cold surface + condenses = fog forms

Question 25

Decomposition

Answer 25

Rotting/breakdown do organic material releasing CO2

Question 26

Chelation

Answer 26

Organic acids produced by organic material reacts with alkaline rocks = release CO2

Question 27

How do oceans act as stores of carbon

Answer 27

CO2 diffuses into or out of oceans = depends on concentration + temperature - water with carbon is denser + sinks = can remain trapped at great depth for centuries = downwelling

Question 28

How do marine organisms act as carbon stores

Answer 28

Phytoplankton absorb CO2 for photosynthesis = dead organisms die + accumulate on sea floor = under pressure becomes fossil fuel

Question 29

What is the main type of chemical weathering

Answer 29

Carbonation = CO2 In rainwater is acidic = turns insoluble alkaline rocks to soluable = can be washed away by rain

Question 30

What percentage of precipitation is recycled by evapo-Transpiration

Answer 30

50-60%

Question 31

What is required for water to condense

Answer 31

Condensation nuclei

Question 32

What natural climate changes are their

Answer 32

Milankovitc cycles = orbital tilt Every 100,000 years = change in shape of earths Orbit affects the amount of sun radiation reaching surface Every 40,000 years = change in earths orbital tilt = affects amount of sunlight reaching different parts of earth

Question 33

How long can carbon be stored in rock

Answer 33

150 million years - slow carbon cycle

Question 34

Percent of global water in ocean

Answer 34

97%

Question 35

Percentage of global water in aquifers

Answer 35

0.8%

Question 36

Describe organic and inorganic carbon pumps in oceans

Answer 36

Inorganic = CO2 absorbed transferred to poles by currents where it cools = down welling due to denser water = can remain at depths for centuries = eventually water carried upwards and diffuse back to atmosphere Organic = CO2 absorbed by photosynthetic organism = organisms die and accumulate on ocean floor = sedimentary rock or oil

Question 37

Why is river discharge and chance of flood highest in spring

Answer 37

Winter = freezing of water During spring when melting increase large impact on surface run off

Question 38

Why is there lower river discharge/Surface run off in summer

Answer 38

High rates of evapo-Transpiration Due to high intensity of solar radiation/temps