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Ph- ELSS > 2a - Amazon rainforest CS > Flashcards

2a - Amazon rainforest CS Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the Amazon rainforest + what part do we study

A

South America - 70% in brazil
Madeira river basin

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2
Q

Average temp in Amazon rainforest

A

25-30•C
- there is very little seasonal variation 2•

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3
Q

Average rainfall - Amazon

A

High average annual rainfall
>2000mm + no dry season

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4
Q

Why is there high precipitation

A

High rates of evapo-Transpiration due to high temp + dense vegetation

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5
Q

How much carbon does the rainforest absorb a year

A

2.4 million tonnes

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6
Q

How does the geology of the Amazon rainforest affect flows of water

A

Mostly impermeable rock = very little percolation + high surface run off + through flow (water through soil)

West in Andes there is permeable rock

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7
Q

How does the temperature as a physical factor affect the flows of water - Amazon rainforest

A

High temp = high evapo-transpiration
High amount of convection rainfall
- very little diurnal change (less than 9•c difference) so water continuously cycled

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8
Q

What is the effect of the little change in average temps around year

A

12 month growing season = vegetation photosynthesising year round
- vegetation also regularly drop leaves + branches building a litter layer on Forrest floor = decomposition

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9
Q

2 key physical factors affecting carbon stores + flows

A

Vegetation + temperature

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10
Q

How could deforestation affect water cycle

A

Fewer trees = decreased evapotranspiration + less precipitation as result
- Run off increase due to less interception + less infiltration into soil
= increase chance of flood

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11
Q

How could urbanisation affect water stores + flows

A

Increase in run off = impermeable surfaces
- less infiltration
- less transpiration + interception
The changing demand for water increases or decreases aquifer stores due to extraction

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12
Q

How does fossil fuel use affect carbon stores + flows

A

Decrease in sedimentary rock store = combustion + atmospheric store increases
- more carbon in air = more diffusion into oceans (high conc to low) = however warmer climate due to greenhouse effect = oceans release carbon

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13
Q

Do warmer oceans increase carbon absorption?

A

As oceans get warmer they hold less CO2
Colder oceans can absorb more

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14
Q

How does agriculture affect carbon store and flows

A

Compared to previous land in rainforest their is much less biodiversity + photosynthesis = decrease biomass
- less leaf litter = less decomposition + soil store

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15
Q

Why can trees not grow back after deforestation

A

Soil does not contain nutrients required = soil erosion + nutrients washed away by bleaching

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16
Q

Name 3 management strategies at the tropical rainforest

A

Protected areas
Afforestation + replanting
Improved agricultural techniques

17
Q

Why might afforestation not work

A

Trees take a while to grow

Trees do not have nutrients required in soils

18
Q

How much of Brazils rainforest is protected

A

44%
Protected as part of Amazon Regional Protected areas scheme
- protected by government where deforestation is forbidden = no disruption to natural cycles

19
Q

Give one example of a improved agricultural technique

A

Rotational cropping
- growing different plants to maintain mix of nutrients in soil = able to use same area for longer
- reduces need for slash + burn for new areas

20
Q

How have hydroelectric projects affected carbon + water cycles

A
  • dams block river = increase in surface storage behind dam = short term reduction in stores downstream
  • can cause flooding reducing transpiration + photosynthesis
  • biomass may decompose anaerobically = produces methane
  • the impacts of HEP are limited due to scale + number- 140 in total
21
Q

NPP of Amazon

A

8800
Measure of biomass

22
Q

Aim of parcia project in amozaon rainforest

A

Develop 1000km2 commercial timber plantation

Planting 20 million fast growing seedlings

= this will not bring back biodiversity but will significantly sequest carbon

23
Q

why are improved agricultural techniques a limited management strategy in Amazon

A

difficult to persuade farmers to try new method

24
Q

what percentage decline in regional rainfall is expected in The Amazon rainforest due to Deforestation

A

20% decline

25
Q

How many tonnes of carbon are released into the atmosphere via decomposition in Amazon Rainforest

A

1.8 Billion tonnes

26
Q

Percentage of deforestation for cattle farming

A

60%

27
Q

how many hydroelectric projects are in Amazon basin

A

140
Impact therefore limited by number

28
Q

how many Hectares of land cut down in Amazon 2021

A

2 million

Ph- ELSS (4 decks)

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