3.8.2 Gene Expression is controlled by a number of features. Flashcards

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1
Q

How do alterations to tumour
suppressor genes lead to
cancer. (4)

A
  1. Increased methylation (of tumour suppressor genes);
  2. Mutation (in tumour suppressor genes);
  3. Tumour suppressor genes are not transcribed/expressed/mRNA not produced OR Amino acid sequenceor
    different amino acid/primary or tertiary structure altered;
  4. (Results in) rapid/uncontrollable cell division/cell division not regulated;
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2
Q

What is a Transcription Factor? (3)

A
  1. (Protein/molecule) that moves from cytoplasm to DNA;
  2. (TF) binds to specific gene/genes/ to specific part of/site on DNA/ binds to promoter/RNA polymerase;
  3. Leads to/blocks (pre)mRNA production / allows/blocks binding of RNA polymerase
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3
Q

How does oestrogen stimulate
Transcription? (6)

A
  1. Oestrogen diffuses through the cell membrane;
  2. attaches to receptor;
  3. receptor changes shape;
  4. receptor leaves protein complex which inhibited its action;
  5. oestrogen receptor binds to promoter region;
  6. enables RNA polymerase to transcribe target gene
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4
Q

Describe RNA Interference. (3)

A
  1. MicroRNA/siRNA binds to cell’s mRNA by specific base pairing;
  2. (So) prevents mRNA being read by ribosomes;
  3. prevents translation/production of proteins
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5
Q

Define Epigenetics. (2)

A
  1. Heritable changes in gene function;
  2. Without changes to the base sequence of DNA;
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6
Q

Describe how methylation
leads to cancer. (3)

A
  1. Methyl groups (could be) added to (both copies of) a tumour suppressor gene;
  2. The transcription of tumour suppressor genes is inhibited;
  3. Leading to uncontrolled cell division/mitosis;
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