3.2.3 Transport across cell membranes Flashcards
Membrane structure – Describe how
proteins arrange themselves in the
membrane (2)
- Hydrophobic parts of helix/AP (to the outside) to sit within the (hydrophobic) fatty acid (tails) of the
phospholipids; - Hydrophilic parts of helix/AP (to the inside) as ions are charged/polar/water soluble;
Membrane structure – Describe the role of
cholesterol (1)
Cholesterol stabilises the membrane
OR
Cholesterol restricts the movement of molecules/phospholipids (making up the membrane);
Name and describe five ways
substances can move across the cell-
surface membrane into a cell. (5)
- (Simple) diffusion of small/non-polar molecules down a concentration gradient;
If no reference to ‘small/ non-polar’ for 1.
accept this idea from ‘large/charged’ given in description of 2. - Facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient via protein carrier/channel;
Reject if active rather than passive - Osmosis of water down a water potential gradient;
- Active transport against a concentration gradient via protein carrier using ATP;
- Co-transport of 2 different substances using a carrier protein;
Describe how The movement of substances across cell membranes is affected by membrane structure.
Describe how. (5)
- Phospholipid (bilayer) allows movement/diffusion of non-polar/lipid-soluble substances;
- Phospholipid (bilayer) prevents movement/diffusion of polar/ charged/lipid-insoluble substances
OR
(Membrane) proteins allow polar/charged substances to cross the membrane/bilayer; - Carrier proteins allow active transport;
- Channel/carrier proteins allow facilitated diffusion/co-transport;
- Shape/charge of channel / carrier determines which substances move;
- Number of channels/carriers determines how much movement;
- Membrane surface area determines how much diffusion/movement;
- Cholesterol affects fluidity/rigidity/permeability;
Give two similarities
in the movement of substances by
diffusion and by osmosis. (2)
- (Movement) down a gradient / from high concentration to low concentration;
- Passive / not active processes;
OR
Do not use energy from respiration / from ATP / from metabolism;
OR
Use energy from the solution;
What two factors
affect the rate of facilitated diffusion (2)
- (external) concentration
- number of channel / carrier proteins
Suggest and explain two ways the cell-surface
membranes of may be adapted to allow
rapid transport of nutrients. (2)
- Membrane folded so increased / large surface area;
OR
Membrane has increased / large surface area for (fast) diffusion / facilitated diffusion / active transport / co-
transport; - Large number of protein channels / carriers (in membrane) for facilitated diffusion;
- Large number of protein carriers (in membrane) for active transport;
- Large number of protein (channels / carriers in membrane) for co-transport;
Describe how
substances move across cell-surface
membranes by facilitated diffusion. (3)
- Carrier / channel protein;
- (Protein) specific / complementary to substance;
- Substance moves down concentration gradient;
Contrast the
processes of facilitated diffusion and
active transport. (3)
- Facilitated diffusion involves channel or carrier proteins whereas active transport only involves carrier
proteins; - Facilitated diffusion does not use ATP / is passive whereas active transport uses ATP;
- Facilitated diffusion takes place down a concentration gradient whereas active transport can occur against
a concentration gradient.
Why does inhibiting respiration/using cyanide prevent active transport? (4)
- Oxygen is required for aerobic respiration which releases ATP
- ATP is needed to change the shape of the protein carrier
- Which would cause the release of the transported ion/molecule
- So no ATP, no Active Transport
Req prac 3- How do we find water potential
of plant tissue practically? (3)
- Plot a graph with concentration on the x-axis and percentage change in mass on the y-axis;
- Find concentration where curve crosses the x-axis/where percentage change is zero;
- Use (another) resource to find water potential of sucrose concentration (where curve crosses x-axis);
Describe an experiment that you could do to investigate whether the mangrove root cells have a lower water potential than sea water.
You are given:
• a piece of fresh mangrove root
• sea water
• access to laboratory equipment.
- Record mass/length before and after;
- Place in sea water for specified/equal time;
- Remove surface water;
- Increase in mass/length will show water has been absorbed by osmosis;
- Repeat minimum of three times;
Req prac 4 - Give one way in which the
student could ensure the first three
beetroot cylinders were kept at 25 °C
throughout her experiment. (1)
Measure temperature (in tube) at intervals and use appropriate corrective measure (if temperature has
fluctuated);
Req prac 4 – How does a high temperature
disrupt membranes (2)
(By) 70oC denaturing/altering membrane protein
OR
(By) 70oC increasing fluidity/permeability of membrane;
Req prac 4 - How does alcohol disrupt
membranes (1)
(By) ethanol dissolving phospholipid bilayer
OR
(By acid) altering membrane protein;