3.3.2 Gas Exchange Flashcards
explain why stomata open due to increase in light intensity (1)
allowing carbon dioxide to enter for photosynthesis;
Or
for gas exchange allowing photosynthesis
Describe how carbon dioxide in the air outside a leaf
reaches mesophyll cells inside the leaf (4)
- (Carbon dioxide enters) via stomata; Reject stroma
- (Stomata opened by) guard cells;
- Diffuses through air spaces;
- Down diffusion gradient;
describe & explain an advantage and disadvantage to having a higher stomatal density
Advantage
1. More carbon dioxide uptake;
2. More photosynthesis so faster/more growth;
Disadvantage
3. More water loss/transpiration
Accept plant wilts for ‘more water loss’
4. Less photosynthesis so slower/less growth;
Describe and explain Adaptations to desert plants (6)
- Hairs so ‘trap’ water vapour and water potential
gradient decreased; - Stomata in pits/grooves so ‘trap’ water vapour and
water potential gradient decreased; - Thick (cuticle/waxy) layer so increases diffusion
distance; - Waxy layer/cuticle so reduces
evaporation/transpiration; - Rolled/folded/curled leaves so ‘trap’ water vapour and
water potential gradient decreased; - Spines/needles so reduces surface area to volume
ratio;
Describe the counter-current mechanism (3)
- Water and blood flow in opposite directions;
- Blood always passing water with a higher oxygen
concentration; - Diffusion/concentration gradient (maintained) along
(length of) lamella/filament;
Explain two ways in which the structure of fish gills is adapted for efficient gas exchange.(2)
- Many lamellae / filaments so large surface area;
- Thin (surface) so short diffusion pathway;
Describe & explain how the structure of the insect gas exchange system:
• provides cells with sufficient oxygen
- Spiracles (lead) to tracheae (that lead) to
tracheoles; - Open spiracles allow diffusion of oxygen from air
OR
Oxygen diffusion through tracheae/tracheoles; - Tracheoles are highly branched so large surface
area (for exchange); - Tracheole (walls) thin so short diffusion distance
(to cells)
OR
Highly branched tracheoles so short diffusion distance
(to cells)
OR
Tracheoles push into cells so short diffusion distance; - Tracheole walls are permeable to oxygen;
Describe & explain how the structure of the insect gas exchange system: limits water loss.(2)
- Cuticle/chitin in tracheae impermeable so reduce
water loss; - Spiracles close (eg.during inactivity) preventing
water loss;
Describe and explain Abdominal Pumping (3)
- Abdominal pumping/pressure in tubes linked to
carbon dioxide release; - (Abdominal) pumping raises pressure in body;
- Air/carbon dioxide pushed out of body /air/carbon
dioxide moves down pressure gradient (to atmosphere)
Explain three ways in which an insect’s tracheal system is adapted for efficient gas exchange.
- Tracheoles have thin walls so short diffusion
distance to cells; - Highly branched / large number of
tracheoles so short diffusion distance to cells; - Highly branched / large number of
tracheoles so large surface area (for gas exchange); - Tracheae provide tubes full of air so fast diffusion
(into insect tissues); - Fluid in the end of the tracheoles that moves out
(into tissues) during exercise so faster diffusion through
the air to the gas exchange surface;
OR
Fluid in the end of the tracheoles that moves out (into
tissues) during exercise so larger surface area (for gas
exchange); - Body can be moved (by muscles) to move
air so maintains diffusion / concentration gradient for
oxygen / carbon dioxide;
Describe and explain one feature of the alveolar
epithelium that makes the epithelium well adapted as a surface for gas exchange.
Mark in pairs
1. Flattened cells
OR
Single layer of cells;
Reject thin cell wall/membrane Accept thin cells
Accept ‘one cell thick’
2. Reduces diffusion distance/pathway;
3. Permeable;
4. Allows diffusion of oxygen/carbon dioxide;
5. moist
6. Increase rate of diffusion
describe and explain inhaling (4)
- Diaphragm (muscle) contracts and external
intercostal muscles contract;
Ignore ribs move up and out - (Causes volume increase and) pressure decrease;
- Air moves down a pressure gradient
Ignore along
OR
Air enters from higher atmospheric pressure;
Describe the pathway taken by an oxygen molecule from an alveolus to the blood. (2)
- (Across) alveolar epithelium;
- Endothelium of capillary;
Explain how one feature of an alveolus allows efficient gas exchange to occur
- (The alveolar epithelium) is one cell thick;
Reject thin membrane - Creating a short diffusion pathway / reduces the
diffusion distance;
Describe the gross structure of the human gas exchange system
(1)
- Named structures – trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli;