3.3.2 Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

explain why stomata open due to increase in light intensity (1)

A

allowing carbon dioxide to enter for photosynthesis;
Or
for gas exchange allowing photosynthesis

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2
Q

Describe how carbon dioxide in the air outside a leaf
reaches mesophyll cells inside the leaf (4)

A
  1. (Carbon dioxide enters) via stomata; Reject stroma
  2. (Stomata opened by) guard cells;
  3. Diffuses through air spaces;
  4. Down diffusion gradient;
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3
Q

describe & explain an advantage and disadvantage to having a higher stomatal density

A

Advantage
1. More carbon dioxide uptake;
2. More photosynthesis so faster/more growth;
Disadvantage
3. More water loss/transpiration
Accept plant wilts for ‘more water loss’
4. Less photosynthesis so slower/less growth;

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4
Q

Describe and explain Adaptations to desert plants (6)

A
  1. Hairs so ‘trap’ water vapour and water potential
    gradient decreased;
  2. Stomata in pits/grooves so ‘trap’ water vapour and
    water potential gradient decreased;
  3. Thick (cuticle/waxy) layer so increases diffusion
    distance;
  4. Waxy layer/cuticle so reduces
    evaporation/transpiration;
  5. Rolled/folded/curled leaves so ‘trap’ water vapour and
    water potential gradient decreased;
  6. Spines/needles so reduces surface area to volume
    ratio;
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5
Q

Describe the counter-current mechanism (3)

A
  1. Water and blood flow in opposite directions;
  2. Blood always passing water with a higher oxygen
    concentration;
  3. Diffusion/concentration gradient (maintained) along
    (length of) lamella/filament;
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6
Q

Explain two ways in which the structure of fish gills is adapted for efficient gas exchange.(2)

A
  1. Many lamellae / filaments so large surface area;
  2. Thin (surface) so short diffusion pathway;
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7
Q

Describe & explain how the structure of the insect gas exchange system:
• provides cells with sufficient oxygen

A
  1. Spiracles (lead) to tracheae (that lead) to
    tracheoles;
  2. Open spiracles allow diffusion of oxygen from air
    OR
    Oxygen diffusion through tracheae/tracheoles;
  3. Tracheoles are highly branched so large surface
    area (for exchange);
  4. Tracheole (walls) thin so short diffusion distance
    (to cells)
    OR
    Highly branched tracheoles so short diffusion distance
    (to cells)
    OR
    Tracheoles push into cells so short diffusion distance;
  5. Tracheole walls are permeable to oxygen;
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8
Q

Describe & explain how the structure of the insect gas exchange system: limits water loss.(2)

A
  1. Cuticle/chitin in tracheae impermeable so reduce
    water loss;
  2. Spiracles close (eg.during inactivity) preventing
    water loss;
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9
Q

Describe and explain Abdominal Pumping (3)

A
  1. Abdominal pumping/pressure in tubes linked to
    carbon dioxide release;
  2. (Abdominal) pumping raises pressure in body;
  3. Air/carbon dioxide pushed out of body /air/carbon
    dioxide moves down pressure gradient (to atmosphere)
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10
Q

Explain three ways in which an insect’s tracheal system is adapted for efficient gas exchange.

A
  1. Tracheoles have thin walls so short diffusion
    distance to cells;
  2. Highly branched / large number of
    tracheoles so short diffusion distance to cells;
  3. Highly branched / large number of
    tracheoles so large surface area (for gas exchange);
  4. Tracheae provide tubes full of air so fast diffusion
    (into insect tissues);
  5. Fluid in the end of the tracheoles that moves out
    (into tissues) during exercise so faster diffusion through
    the air to the gas exchange surface;
    OR
    Fluid in the end of the tracheoles that moves out (into
    tissues) during exercise so larger surface area (for gas
    exchange);
  6. Body can be moved (by muscles) to move
    air so maintains diffusion / concentration gradient for
    oxygen / carbon dioxide;
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11
Q

Describe and explain one feature of the alveolar
epithelium that makes the epithelium well adapted as a surface for gas exchange.

A

Mark in pairs
1. Flattened cells
OR
Single layer of cells;
Reject thin cell wall/membrane Accept thin cells
Accept ‘one cell thick’
2. Reduces diffusion distance/pathway;
3. Permeable;
4. Allows diffusion of oxygen/carbon dioxide;
5. moist
6. Increase rate of diffusion

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12
Q

describe and explain inhaling (4)

A
  1. Diaphragm (muscle) contracts and external
    intercostal muscles contract;
    Ignore ribs move up and out
  2. (Causes volume increase and) pressure decrease;
  3. Air moves down a pressure gradient
    Ignore along
    OR
    Air enters from higher atmospheric pressure;
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13
Q

Describe the pathway taken by an oxygen molecule from an alveolus to the blood. (2)

A
  1. (Across) alveolar epithelium;
  2. Endothelium of capillary;
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14
Q

Explain how one feature of an alveolus allows efficient gas exchange to occur

A
  1. (The alveolar epithelium) is one cell thick;
    Reject thin membrane
  2. Creating a short diffusion pathway / reduces the
    diffusion distance;
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15
Q

Describe the gross structure of the human gas exchange system
(1)

A
  1. Named structures – trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
    alveoli;
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16
Q

Describe how we breathe in and out.(4)

A
  1. Breathing in – diaphragm
    contracts and external intercostal muscles contract;
  2. (Causes) volume increase and pressure decrease
    in thoracic cavity (to below atmospheric, resulting in air
    moving in);
    For thoracic cavity accept ‘lungs’ or ‘thorax’.
    Reference to ‘thoracic cavity’ only required once.
  3. Breathing out - Diaphragm
    relaxes and internal intercostal muscles contract;
    Accept diaphragm relaxes and (external) intercostal
    muscles relax and lung tissue elastic (so recoils).
  4. (Causes) volume decrease and pressure increase
    in thoracic cavity (to above atmospheric, resulting in air
    moving out);