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POM 3 Haematology > 3.8 Blood Plasma > Flashcards

3.8 Blood Plasma Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four fluid compartments and their relative proportions?

A

Intracellular 55%
Interstitial 36%
Blood plasma 7%
Transcellular 2%

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2
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the blood?

A

Serum albumin

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3
Q

Why does albumin have the biggest peak and is closest to the left side in plasma electrophoresis?

A

Largest therefore closest to cathode

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4
Q

What ion has the highest concentration in plasma?

A

Na+

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5
Q

What ion has the highest concentration in blood cells?

A

K+

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6
Q

What is the alpha 1 globulin?

A

alpha-1 antitrypsin

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7
Q

What does alpha 1 globulin do?

A

Protease inhibitor

Protects lungs against degradation and loss of elasticity by neutrophil elastase released during inflammation

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8
Q

What are the alpha 2 globulins?

A

Alpha-2 macroglobulin and haptoglobin

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9
Q

What does alpha-2 macroglobulin do?

A

Inactivates fibrinolysis by inhibiting plasmin

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10
Q

What does haptoglobin do?

A

Binds to haemoglobin released from RBCs

This forms haemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes which are removed by the spleen

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11
Q

What is haptoglobin measurement used in?

A

Diagnosis of haemolytic anaemia

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12
Q

What are beta globulins?

A

Complement proteins and transferrin

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13
Q

What are gamma globulins?

A

Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

Acute phase C reactive proteins (released during inflammation)

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14
Q

What is plasma?

A

The liquid component of blood

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15
Q

What is serum?

A

The blood plasma minus the clotting factors

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16
Q

What is the buffy coat?

A

Leukocytes and platelets

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17
Q

How is serum collected?

A

Blood is taken without an anticoagulant, allowed to clot then centrifuged

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18
Q

What do serum separator tubes have which induce clotting?

A

Silica coating

19
Q

How is the serum separated from the rest of the cells?

A

Serum separator tubes have a layer of gel which forms a physical barrier between the serum and the cells

20
Q

What is the advantage of collecting plasma over serum?

A

Plasma is collected more easily

21
Q

What are the functions of plasma? MOCIEE

A

Metabolism
Osmotic balance maintenance
Clotting
Immune defense
Excretion
Endocrine

22
Q

How is plasma involved in excretion?

A

Cell metabolism waste products such as urea are transported via the plasma to the kidneys for removal

23
Q

How is plasma involved in endocrine functions?

A

Many hormones are water soluble

Following release, they travel to their target organs via blood plasma

24
Q

What protein helps to maintain colloid osmotic pressure?

A

Serum albumin

25
Q

What are the key functions of serum albumin?

A

Transport of lipids, hormones, ions
Maintain osmotic pressure of plasma
Transport FAs released from adipose tissue for beta oxidation

26
Q

How does albumin get involved with beta oxidation?

A

Fatty acids released by lipolysis from the breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue are transported by albumin for use by tissues in 𝛃-oxidation

27
Q

More than one third of the ATP consumed during rest is used to do what?

A

Power the Na+/K+ ATPase

28
Q

What happens to the shape of the cells when ATP levels depleted?

A

They become more spherical because of the inwards movement of sodium ions and water

29
Q

How can plasma be used in passive immunotherapy?

A

Immunoglobulins found in the gamma globulin fraction can be used to transfer immunity between people

30
Q

What is IVIG?

A

Intravenous immunoglobulin – allows for the introduction of relatively large amounts of IgG

Protects against common pathogens e.g. MMR

31
Q

How are the IgG obtained from patients?

A

Screened for high levels of IgG against a pathogen using ELISA

IgG fraction is isolated from plasma of donors and concentrated

32
Q

What is convalescent plasma?

A

Plasma of patients who have recovered from different diseases like COVID19

33
Q

How can convalescent plasma be used to treat patient with COVID19?

A
  1. Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, develop antibodies against the virus
  2. After the patient has recovered (convalesced), blood is donated to produce obtain antibody-rich plasma
  3. The plasma is tested for strength (affinity) and number of antibodies.
  4. If these levels are fine, the plasma is given to a patient infected with COVID-19.
34
Q

What is the main difference between p​lasma and interstitial fluid?

A

Plasma contains much more protein

35
Q

How is the positive charge of intracellular K balanced?

A

Extracellular Cl- ions

Intracellular anions (proteins, nucleic acids, phosphorylated proteins)

36
Q

What is intracellular Mg important for?

A

Cofactor for many enzymes

37
Q

What are calcium levels like in cells and what are increases in intracellular Ca associated with?

A

Lower than plasma

Thus increase in intracellular Ca is associated with signalling event (opening of Ca channels)

38
Q

What is apheresis?

A

Donor’s blood is passed through centrifuge to separate a component, then the remainder is returned to the donor

39
Q

What sort of disorders can therapeutic apherisis treat via plasma exchange?

A

Multiple sclerosis, myeloma

40
Q

What sort of disorders can therapeutic apherisis treat via red cell exchange?

A

Sickle cell

41
Q

What sort of disorders can therapeutic apherisis treat via LDL removal?

A

Atherosclerosis

42
Q

What sort of disorders can therapeutic apherisis treat via white blood cell removal?

A

Leukaemia

43
Q

What sort of disorders can therapeutic apherisis treat via platelet depletion?

A

Disorders of homeostasis

POM 3 Haematology (10 decks)

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