3.10 Blood Transfusion Flashcards

1
Q

What antigens will group A blood type patients have on their RBCs, and what antibodies in their plasma?

A

A antigens
Anti-B antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What antigens will group B blood type patients have on their RBCs, and what antibodies in their plasma?

A

B antigens
Anti-A antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What antigens will group AB blood type patients have on their RBCs, and what antibodies in their plasma?

A

A and B antigens
No antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What antigens will group O blood type patients have on their RBCs, and what antibodies in their plasma?

A

No antigens
Anti-A and anti-B antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why can AB+ take blood from anyone?

A

AB people do not have any antibodies in their plasma, so there is nothing to attack the foreign RBCs when they are transfused

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do you cross match a sample of blood for transfusion?

A

Take a sample of the patient’s serum (contains antibodies) and the donor’s RBCs

If they agglutinate then the samples are incompatible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

During blood testing, what infections are tested for?

A

HIV, HEP B C E, HTLV And Syphillis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Do we test for Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who do we give red cells to?

A

Patients with anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What RhD group are you if you lack the D antigen?

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Do RhD negative patients have Anti-D antibodies in their plasma?

A

No, but they can make Anti-D antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do RhD Negative People make anti D antibodies?

A

RhD negative mother with an RhD positive baby

Transfusion of RhD positive blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If a RhD negative patient has a blood transfusion with a RhD positive person, what implications does this have for their future transfusion?

A

Exposure to D antigen produces anti-D antibodies

Thus next transfusion must be with RhD negative blood to prevent haemolytic transfusion reaction

Haemolysis can cause anaemia, high bilirubin and jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is haemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

If a RhD negative mother has an RhD positive first child, anti-D antibodies are produced

If the second child is also RhD positive, anti-D antibodies cross the placenta and cause haemolysis of foetal red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can haemolytic disease of the newborn cause?

A

If severe – hydrops fetails and death before birth

If less severe – high bilirubin thus brain damage, leading to death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why can Anti-D antibodies cross the placenta?

A

They are class IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can the formation of Anti-D antibodies in mothers be prevented?

A

Give them Anti-D Immunoglobins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does giving the mother Anti-D immunoglobins work to prevent HDN?

A

Anti-D works by destroying any RhD positive blood in the mother’s circulation, before it can be recognized by the mothers systems and therefore before the mothers own Anti-D antibodies can be made, thus preventing HDN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which blood component will patients need to replace all their clotting factors which have been depleted during massive bleeding?

A

Fresh frozen plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In an emergency which group of Fresh Frozen Plasma should we give when we do not know their blood group?

A

AB negative as the plasma will not contain any antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In an emergency, which group of red cells can we give to any patients?

A

O Negative Blood - this is because O negative Red Cells do not have A or B antigens on the surface of the Red cells which could be attacked by the patients Anti-A Antibodies or Anti-B Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What gene controls blood group?

A

The ABO gene

23
Q

How do genes code for ABO?

A

Adding a sugar residue to a common glycoprotein and fucose stem (H antigen) on the RBC membrane

24
Q

What is added to the the common H antigen to make it an A antigen?

A

N-acetyl galactosamine

25
What is added to the the common H antigen to make it an B antigen?
Galactose
26
Which carbohydrate stem does group O have?
Only the H stem
27
Which ABO gene is recessive?
O
28
Which RhD group can be given to both positive and negative?
Negative
29
Which blood groups can RhD positive blood be given to?
Only RhD positive
30
What is group and screen?
Identify ABO antigens (forward group) and ABO antibodies (reverse group) Find out RhD group Perform antibody screen on plasma
31
How is antibody screening carried out?
Patient plasma is incubated with RBCs with all blood group antigens on them If antibody screen is negative – any ABO and RhD compatible blood is given If positive – identify antibody and give correct blood lacking antigen
32
Every donation is tested for what?
Infections, viruses, other clinically significant red cell antibodies
33
What is one unit of blood?
The whole blood or blood products derived from one single blood donation
34
What is the shelf life of red cells?
35 days
35
What is fresh frozen plasma used for?
Patients with prolonged PT and aPTT Reversal of warfarin (vit K antagonist)
36
What is the shelf life of FFP and CRP?
3 years
37
What blood component should be given when there is a abnormal PT and aPTT?
FFP to replace all clotting factors
38
What is cryoprecipitate used for?
Replacing FVIII, FXIII, VWF and fibrinogen Used in heavy bleeding
39
Why does cryoprecipitate not contain all the clotting factors?
Most degenerate at room temperature Since cryoprecipitate has been thawed, it doesn't contain these factors
40
Why is factor 8 and 9 heat treated for haemophilia treatment?
To inactivate viruses that may be present
41
When are patients given platelets?
Thrombocytopenia Bone marrow failure Massive bleeding Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
42
When are patients given RBCs?
Anaemia
43
When are patients given factor 8 and 9?
Haemophilia A – factor 8 Haemophilia B – factor 9
44
When are patients given immunoglobulins?
To protect against hepatitis A
45
What two forms are platelets available in?
Pooled platelets or from a single donor
46
What class of antibodies are the ones found in plasma?
IgM
47
What condition can IgM antibodies cause?
Massive Intravascular Haemolysis
48
Due to risk of viral transmission, what are haemophilia patients now treated with?
Recombinant factor 8 and 9
49
What are the four stages of pre-transfusion testing that needs to be done?
ABO group RhD group Alloantibody screen Cross matching
50
How many donors would be involved in 4 units of red cells?
4 donors
51
How many donors would be involved in 3 units of FFP?
3 donors
52
How many donors could be involved in 1 unit of platelets?
Either 4 donors pooled or 1 donor with apheresis machine
53
What is the shelf life of platelets?
7 days
54
How many donors would be involved in 1 unit of cryoprecipitate?
5 for group pool 1 if apheresis machine used