3.7 Memory Models Flashcards by Katerina Kastavunis

What is a motor programme?

A set of movements stored as a whole in the long-term memory and contains all the information required to make a movement

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What is an executive programme?

Enables a skill to be performed can be made of large subroutines and must be adaptable so that it can be altered when the environments change.

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What are subroutines?

Component parts of an executive programme that are short fixed sequence which when fully learned can be performed automatically.

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What is open loop control? Give and example.

Applies to motor programmes whose subroutines are simple and well learned so they are automatic and relevant to the autonomous phase of learning. Often performed rapidly with no time for feedback. E.G tennis serve

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What is closed loop control?

Applies to motor programmes whose subroutines are ongoing and only part of the information is necessary to complete a movement. The rest of the information is sent following feedback via kinaesthesis. Info about balance and body position can change these factors during a movement. E.G riding a bike

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What is information processing?

How we take in our surroundings and make decisions on what to do next based on our interpretation of that information.

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What information processing occurs during the input?

Information of surroundings, senses ( hear, see), proprioception (touch, equilibrium, kinaesthesis)

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What occurs during decision making?

Perception and attention

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What is perception?

Stimulus identification, as information is received from the environment it needs to be made sense of by the performer. They can then interpret it and identify the elements which are relevant and important.

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What does DCR stand for?

Detection
Comparison- compares to past experiences
Recognition

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What is attention during decision making?

Relates to the amount of information we can cope with. We have limited attentional capacity so the performer has to select relevant info (selective attention)

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What is selective attention?

When a performer only focuses on relevant bits of information and filters any irrelevant info. Once performance is automatic, info relevant to that part is not required so gives the performer spare attentional capacity.

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In Welford’s model of information processing what is the input/display?

The range of actions and things that are happening in the surrounding environment of the performer.

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In Welford’s model of information processing what is the perceptual mechanism?

Part of brain which perceives the surroundings.

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In Welford’s model of information processing what is the decision mechanism?

Part of brain which makes decisions

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In Welford’s model of information processing what is the effector mechanism?

Part of brain which carries out the decisions and sends messages to the limbs and parts of the body which act out the relevant skill.

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In whiting’s model of information processing what do the arrows show?

Distinguish between the amount of information you need to perform a skill and the irrelevant info you don’t need. ( Selective attention)

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In Whiting’s model of information processing what do the receptor systems refer to?

The sense organs which receive information.

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In whiting’s model of information processing what is the perceptual mechanism?

Part of brain which perceives the surroundings and gives them meaning.

In whiting’s model what are the translatory mechanisms?

Part of brain which makes decisions and sorts out and processes the few relevant bits of info.

In Whiting’s model of information processing what is the effector programme?

Part of the brain which carries out the decisions and sends messages to the limbs and parts of the body via the nervous system.

What is the sensory input in memory models?

Information received from the surroundings.

What is the short-term sensory store in memory models?

Area of brain which holds info for a short time < 1 second. Where selective attention occurs as information deemed unimportant is lost.

What is the short-term memory?

Part of brain which keeps info for a short period (20-30 seconds) after deemed important.
Can hold 5-9 pieces of info.

What is the long-term memory?

Part of brain which retains information for long periods of time, very well learned information, limitless and not forgotten

How can info be stored in long-term memory?

Through repetition of stimulus Having meaning or relevance to performer Information is unique Associated with another piece of information Linked to past experiences Reward or reinforced if successful Perceived as important

What is reaction time?

Time between the onset of the stimulus and the start of a response. An inherent ability

What is response time?

Amount of time it takes to process information and then to make a response. = Reaction time + movement time

What is movement time?

Time it takes to complete the onset of a movement.

What is Hicks law?

several stimuli are given but only one can have a response so the more choices a person has the more information that needs processing. The longer it takes to process the info the slower the reaction time.

What factors affect reaction time?

Age - older we get slower our reaction time. Gender - males have quicker reaction time than females Height - tall people slower reaction time as information has to travel further from brain to muscles. Arousal levels - best when performer is alert but not over aroused. Anticipation

How can reaction time be improved?

Doing drills which switch quickly Teaching athlete certain cues Teach anticipation to reduce time they take to respond to stimulus Ensure the performer warms up properly so the sense organs are ready for information .

What is the psychological refractory period? Give an example.

The presentation of a second stimulus which slows down processing of information causing a lag. E.G dummy in Rugby

What is the single channel theory?

A performer can only attend one thing at a time, so info is processed sequentially.

What is the multiple channel theory?

As long as incoming info arrives along different channels the performer can attend to more than one task at a time. Most advanced athletes process info automatically allowing attentional capacity for other inputs.

What is anticipation?

The ability to predict future events from early signals or past events.

What does anticipation allow a performer to do?

Partially eliminate PRP.

How can you improve response time?

Detect the cue Detect relevant cues Decision making Concentration ( switching concentration) Controlling anxiety Creating optimum motivation Warm up so senses are at optimum state

What factors can affect response time?

Number of choices needed to be made Whether the skil is open, closed or complex Age or gender Spectator distractions Past experience

What is schema?

Generalized motor programmes can be adapted by taking information as a skill is performed. E.G when throwing a ball in netball and in basketball.

How do you improve schema?

Varied practice with feedback

What is recall schema?

Information needed to start a relevant movement. Knowledge of environment, What technique to use

What is recall schema used for?

Quick ballistic movements when there isn't enough time to process feedback.

What is recognition schema?

Information needed to correct errors and remember correct performance

How can you improve information Processing?

Chunking Association with old already learnt info Educating performer about details of skill Explain what and how to do skill Ensure input is clear and uncluttered Carefully separate similar skills Brief and don't overload