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601 EXAM 2 > 3.7 first half > Flashcards

3.7 first half Flashcards

1
Q

what are the phases of the cell cycle?

A
  • G1 phase (cells just hanging out)
    -G0 (cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle)
    -S phase: replicate
    -G2: get ready to divide
    -M: mitosis –> cytokinesis
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2
Q

steps of mitosis

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase
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3
Q

what happens in prophase?

A
  • replicated chromosomes condense
  • mitotic spindle assembles between 2 chromosomes
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4
Q

what happens in prometaphase?

A

-breakdown of nuclear envelope
- chromosomes attach to spindle microtubules

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5
Q

what happens in metaphase?

A

-chromosomes aligned at equator of spindle

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6
Q

what happens in anaphase?

A

paired chromatids separate to form 2 daughter chromosomes

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7
Q

what happens in telophase?

A
  • daughter chromosomes arrive at poles of spindle
  • formation of 2 nuclei
  • assembly of contractile ring
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8
Q

what happens in cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasm is divided in two

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of cytoskeletal filaments?

A
  1. intermediate
  2. microtubules
  3. actin
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10
Q

________ filaments give the cell a semi-permanent shape against mechanical stress

A

intermediate

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11
Q

________ provide a track for intracellular transport, and are easily disassembled/assembled to fit transport needs of the cell

A

microtubules

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12
Q

_________ function in membrane mobility, cell movement, and temporary cell structure for when cell changes its shape

A

actin filaments

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13
Q

what is intermediate filament structure like?

A

8 tetramers twisted into a rope-like filament

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14
Q

_________ are filaments that support the nuclear envelope and must be broken down for the nuclear envelope to breakdown

A

Lamin IFs

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15
Q

how does the nuclear envelope breakdown and buildback up with the help of Lamins?

A
  1. lamins get phosphorylated
  2. filaments breakdown and take a little piece of the membrane with them
  3. they go and get pushed off to the side
  4. in telophase they get brought back and stick to/surround chromatids
  5. lamins de-phosphorylated
  6. pieces of envelope fuse back together
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16
Q

MTs form the _____ in prophase

A

mitotic spindle

17
Q

MT are unidirectional and can only grow in the _____ direction

A

negative to positive

18
Q

a temporary MT railroad is set up to do what?

A

so motor proteins can move cell bits to either side

19
Q

how many types of tubulins are MT made of?

A

3 (all types of alpha/beta)

20
Q

how do MT grow?

A

-dimers are kinked at first
-nucleotide exchange from GDP –> GTP
- when dimer has GTP it is no longer kinked and can be added to the growing polymerization
- GTP is removed, but since the dimers are stuck in the tubule they cant kink

21
Q

what is the amount of kinking in the MT controlled by?

A

how quickly GTPase activity happens (less strained = easier to add subunits)

22
Q

if the GTP < GDP what happens?

A

MT will unravel

23
Q

If GTP>GDP what will happen?

A

addition proceeds faster than GTP hydrolysis

24
Q

_______ allows the tubule to grow/shrink MT as needed

A

dynamic instability

25
Q

what do microtubule associating proteins do (MAP?)

A

bind to free ends of MTs and stabilize ends selectively to polarize a cell

26
Q

what are 2 examples of drugs that can change MT stability?

A

Colchicine, Taxol

27
Q

how does Colchicine function?

A

binds to free tubulin to prevent polymerization, things cant add onto the end

28
Q

how does Taxol function?

A

it prevents loss of subunits from MT

29
Q

what are the 3 classes of MT that make the mitotic spindle?

A

astral, kinetochore, interpolar

30
Q

________ attach to the kinetochore of condensed chromosomes and tethers them to poles. during anaphase when they shorten, they pull the chromatids apart

A

kinetochore MT

31
Q

______ are any microtubule originating from the centrosome which does not connect to a kinetochore.

A

astral MT

32
Q

________ are the antiparallel microtubules that originate from opposite poles, and overlap at the midzone of mitotic spindles.

A

interpolar MT

33
Q

is a kinetochore actually attached to the end of the microtubule?

A

no! it has a yoke around it

34
Q

_______ on interpolar MT push poles apart and pull chromatids across poles while _______ on astral MT pull poles toward membranes

A

kinesins
dyenins

601 EXAM 2 (11 decks)

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