3.6) The emergence of a global culture, based on western ideas, consumption and attitudes towards the physical environments, is one outcome of globalisation.

Question 1

1) When did Barack Obama become the first US President to visit Cuba, in 57 years?

Answer 1

1) 21st March 2016

Question 2

1) When did Cuba become a communist country?

Answer 2

1) Fidel Castro declared Cuba a communist state in 1959, isolating it from the western world for 50 years.

Question 3

1) Who did Cuba receive subsidies from?

2) After this stopped, where did Cuba receive its capital from?

Answer 3

1) The USSR, until 1991.

2) It accepted foreign capital through tourism. This brought them in contact with western culture.

Question 4

1) In 2008, who took Fidel Castro’s place?
2) What relaxations has Raul introduced?
3) What other relaxations have been introduced since 2012?
4) However, what does the state no longer offer?

Answer 4

1) His brother, Raul.
2) Free enterprise businesses can be set up.
3) They can buy and sell houses and cars, take out loans, and set up private businesses.
4) State employment and state-owned farmland.

Question 5

1) What was the initial sign of bettering relations with Cuba?

Answer 5

1) The US embassy in Havana reopened in August 2015.

Question 6

1) What problems has political relaxation led to?

Answer 6

1) Growing inequality

Question 7

1) What is Capitalism?

Answer 7

1) An economic system that is based on private ownership. Based on the concept of ‘economic man’, where people look at individual interests foremost. Market forces determine prices of produce.

Question 8

1) What is Communism?

Answer 8

1) Land and property is owned by the community or the State. Every person contributes and receives according to their abilities and needs. Based on Marx’s ideas about a classless society. State owns or controls most resources, banks, and the media.

Question 9

Twenty-first century Cuba:

1) How is Cuba’s knowledge of the rest of the world being broadened?

Answer 9

1) This is due to international tourists, and the spread of satellite TV and the internet. Netflix is now available.

Question 10

1) How have American policies towards Cuba been relaxed?

Answer 10

1) American tourists can visit again, and there isn’t a cap on remittances sent by Cuban Americans.

Question 11

1) How has cultural erosion led to changes in the environment?
2) In the past, how has Cuba been protected from this?

Answer 11

1) Beach resorts have changed its coastline, and coral reefs are being threatened by tourist activity.
2) It was protected thanks to isolation.

Question 12

1) What is cultural diffusion?

1) What is causing the food, culture and music of Cuba to change?

Answer 12

1) The process through which western attitudes have moved to Cuba.
2) Closer and faster connections which allow the spread of cultures and values.

Question 13

1) How are the indigenous people of Amazonia and Papua New Guinea experiencing cultural erosion?
2) Could these changes actually be good for indigenous people?
3) Why is Papa New Guinea’s Tree Kangaroo in danger?

Answer 13

1) > Amazonians and New Guineans wore little clothing, but now can be seen wearing Westernised clothing.
> Young Amazonians are moving from the rainforest, to urban areas like Manaus.
2) Yes, they want income, education and health improvements for their children.
3) Indigenous people hunt endangered species for food or to sell.

Question 14

Cultural landscapes and diversity:

1) What are glocal cultures?
2) What has caused these glocal cultures?
3) What are ethnic enclaves?

Answer 14

1) This is where global processes happen at a local level - such as Diwali celebrations up the Golden Mile in Leicester.
2) Decades of inward migration.
3) These places gain their own identity, and have unique street furniture, road names and cuisine. This adds to a city’s multicultural character, strengthening cultural diversity.

Question 15

Cultural diffusion and the media:

1) Traditionally, how are cultural differences often expressed?

Answer 15

1) Through language, as phrases don’t easily transfer from one region to another.

Question 16

Cultural Diffusion and the Media

1) What is the global homogenisation of culture?
2) What has caused the homogenisation of culture?

Answer 16

1) Culture is the same everywhere.
2) The ownership of global broadcasting, film and music industries has become concentrated into the hands or large TNC’s, which use an increasingly common vocabulary, that is eroding cultural diversity.

Question 17

Cultural exchanges:

1) How are cultural mixes created?

Answer 17

1) Cultural mixes are formed when music, TV programmes and films made by TNC’s, combine with the migration of people.

Question 18

1) Which 5 companies own 90% of the global music market?

Answer 18

1) EMI, Universal, AOL, Time Warner and SonyBMG.

Question 19

1) What do these companies do to increase their profits?

Answer 19

1) They cut down their ranges of recording artists. It makes more economic sense to sell 10 million CDs from one artist, rather than spending money and time marketing 10 different artists - selling one million each.

Question 20

1) What are some other terms used to describe globalisation?

Answer 20

1) “Cultural imperialism” and “Americanisation”.

Question 21

Changing values:

1) In 2011, how many disabled people in China found employment?
2) A year later, what did James Palmer write on this topic?
3) How did China respond to this, in 2012?
4) How does this global stage help disabled people achieve equal status.

Answer 21

1) 25%
2) “Disabled people in modern China are still stigmatised, marginalised and abused”.
3) China came top of the tables at the London Paralympic Games.
4) It allows them to gain support and training.

Question 22

1) What did Adam Smith state at the end of the Olympics?

Answer 22

1) “Sydney was the first to treat Paralympians as equals, London was the first to treat them as heroes”.

Question 23

1) How are western countries gaining more tolerant views on moral issues.

Answer 23

1) There is a more liberal view towards gay rights, but areas such as the Middle East and Africa still have a long way to go.

Question 24

Growing Resistance:

1) How has the spread of global culture been counter-balanced?

Answer 24

1) There are concerns about its impacts on both the environment and people.

Question 25

1) How have anti-globalisation groups and environmental pressure groups reacted?

Answer 25

1) They reject globalised cultures and the way in which TNC’s avoid taxes.

Question 26

1) Where have Occupy movements, from 2011 onwards, been active?

Answer 26

1) In cities such as London and Paris.

Question 27

1) What are two examples of national resistance to a ‘global culture’?

Answer 27

1) > Iran: In the 2000s Barbie dolls were banned, due to their un-Islamic image. They have since liberalised their position, due to the need for international cooperation against radicalism. Also, Iranian youths were increasingly accessing banned platforms such as Twitter and Facebook.

> France: Until the 2000s, France rejected globalisation. They excluded culture from their governmental agreements, and 40% of broadcasts had to be French, with no more than 55% American film imports. However, internet downloading has put these in dispute. Since 2007, France has become more accepting, thanks to successful TNC’s such as EDF.