3.4) The global shift has created winners and losers for people and the physical environment.

Question 1

1) When did the global shift begin?

Answer 1

1) In the 1970s and 1980s.

Question 2

1) What are the Pacific Rim countries?

Answer 2

1) Japan, Hong Kong and South Korea, which were then followed by China and India.

Question 3

1) How much more trade happens between Asia and America, than between America and Europe.

Answer 3

1) The value of trade between Asia and America was double.

Question 4

1) What has India done to accelerate this global shift?

Answer 4

1) They allow overseas companies access to their markets, thanks to their open-door policy.

Question 5

1) How did TNC’s contribute to this global shift?

Answer 5

1) They sought new areas for manufacturing, and for outsourcing services.

Question 6

1) How did FDI accelerate the global shift?

Answer 6

1) More of it began to flow into emerging or re-emerging Asian countries.

Question 7

1) What has the global shift to China mainly been focused on?

Answer 7

1) Manufacturing

Question 8

1) Since when has China been the largest recipient of the FDI?

Answer 8

1) 2000

Question 9

1) By how much did its share of global trade grow, from 2001 to 2013?

Answer 9

1) From 3% to 10%

Question 10

1) What does rapid industrialisation also cause?

Answer 10

1) Rapid urbanisation

Question 11

1) By 2015, how many cities did China have, with a population of over 1 million?

Answer 11

1) 150 cities, up from 30 cities in 2000.

Question 12

1) Benefits: How has there been more investment in infrastructure, by 2016?

Answer 12

1) > They had developed the world’s longest highway network.
> Its rail system reached 100,00 km.
> Its HSR system was the world’s longest.
> Shanghai’s Maglev became the world’s fastest train.
> 82 airports had been built since 2000.

Question 13

1) Benefits: How have there been reductions in poverty?

Answer 13

1) >300 million Chinese people are considered to be middle class, by 2022 45% of the population will be urban middle class.
> Chinese bought more TVs and laptops than Americans in 2013.
> Between 1981 and 2010, the number of people living in poverty was reduced by 680 million.
> Between 1980 and 2016, extreme poverty rates were reduced from 84% to 10%.
> 20% of population still live on less than US$2 a day.
> Remittance payments from urban family members help them.

Question 14

1) Benefits: What increases have there been in urban incomes?

Answer 14

1) > Income growth thanks to slower population growth and economic growth.
> The relaxed one-child policy meant that employers had to pay higher wages.
> Since 2005, urban incomes have grown by 10% a year.
> By 2014, they averaged US$9000 a year.
> However, there is a growing urban-rural divide. In 2013, per capita income for the poorest 20% of rural households was £412, in comparison to over £9000 for the richest 20% in cities.

Question 15

1) Benefits: How has education and training improved?

Answer 15

1) > Education free and compulsory between aged of 6 and 15.
> 94% of Chinese are literate, compared to 20% in 1950.
> In 2014, 7.2 million graduated from university, 15 times higher than in 2000.
> A more skilled workforce, allows for the expansion of knowledge and service sectors.
> However, per capita spending on secondary education varies from £2200 in Beijing, to £300 in Guizhou.

Question 16

1) Costs: Is productive farmland being lost?

Answer 16

1) >3 million hectares of arable land has been polluted with heavy metals.
> 12 million tonnes of grain were polluted in 2014.
> The use of fertilisers and pesticides, has led to farmland located near rivers, to stop being used.

Question 17

1) Costs: Has there been an increase in unplanned settlements?

Answer 17

1) > Land prices have increased, making housing unaffordable.
> Expanded housing: In villages on the edges of cities, people add extra storeys, which they then rent out to migrant workers.
> Farmland is privately developed for housing without permission.

Question 18

1) Costs: Has there been more pollution, and consequently health problems.

Answer 18

1) > Air pollution caused by coal-fired power stations, leads to Beijing having frequent pollution alerts.
> 70% of China’s rivers and lakes are polluted. Water in 207 of the Yangtze’s tributaries isn’t fit for irrigating farmland.
> 100 cities suffer from extreme water shortages, and 360 million people don’t have access to safe drinking water. Tap water in Chongqing contains 80 forbidden toxins.
> Pollution kills 1.6 million people a year.
> 1/3 of population breathes in air that would be considered unhealthy by US or European standards.

Question 19

1) Costs: Is land degradation occuring?

Answer 19

1) >China has 22% of the world’s population, but only 7.2% of its farmland.
> Urbanisation is reducing this further, with 40% of its farmland suffering degradation.
> Rich black soils in the north are eroding, whilst in the south soils are suffering from acidification.
> Land clearance has also lead to deforestation.

Question 20

1) Costs: Is there over-exploitation of resources and resource pressure?

Answer 20

1) > Its resources can’t keep up with demand, hence why Africa and Latin America are being exploited.
> For China’s consumption: Amazonian rainforest has been cleared in Ecuador, the Cerrado savannah has been converted to soy fields in Brazil, and oil fields are under development in Venezuela’s Orinoco belt.

Question 21

1) Costs: Is there a loss of biodiversity?

Answer 21

1) > In 2015, the WWF found that China’s terrestrial vertebrates had declined by 50% since 1970.
> They tracked 2400 populations of 700 vertebrate, and discovered that half had vanished in the 45 years since 1970.

Question 22

1) What is an example of a region in a High Income Country, where problems have been caused by the global shift?

Answer 22

1) Leicester

Question 23

1) In the 1920s, how many people worked in its textile mills?

Answer 23

1) 30000

Question 24

1) In the 1960s, how many employees were at the factory supplying knitwear for Marks and Spencer?

Answer 24

1) 6500

Question 25

1) Which minorities were attracted by this industry?

Answer 25

1) Indian and Pakistani families, that set up homes in Spinney Hills and Belgrave.

Question 26

1) What caused deindustrilisation?

Answer 26

1) By the 1970s, it was cheaper to manufacture in Asia.

Question 27

1) Impact of global shift: Is there dereliction and contamination?

Answer 27

1) > As business declined, industrial land was left abandoned and derelict.
> Sheffield suffered when its steelworks closed, and Glasgow’s shipyards fell into disrepair.
> Land was contaminated by the dumping of chemical waste.

Question 28

1) Costs: Has the global shift led to unemployment, depopulation and deprivation?

Answer 28

1) >In the 1970s and 1980s inner cities experienced population declines.
> Population of Newcastle fell by 12% in the 1970s, and 6% in the 1990s.
> People on low incomes moved into the inner city, creating pockets of deprivation.
> In Leicester, areas of deprivation coincide with previous industrial areas, and areas containing large ethnic minorities.