3.5) The scale and pace of economic migration has increased as the world has become more interconnected, creating consequences for people and the physical environment: Flashcards
1) What milestone was reached in 2008?
1) Half the population lived in urban settlements over 10000 people.
1) What will happed by 2050?
1) An extra 3 billion people will be living in urban areas.
1) What are world cities?
1) Cities that have a major influence, based on: finance, law, political strength, innovation and ICT.
1) What is the problem with New Delhi’s hyper-urbanisation?
1) It’s becoming harder for the authorities to provide for basic needs, such as sanitation.
1) By how much will New Delhi grow between 2010 and 2020?
1) By 40%
1) What are the causes of this population growth?
1) > High birth rate and low death rate.
> One of the world’s fastest rates of rural-to-urban migration.
1) Who do these rural migrants consist of?
1) > Rural poor: Lack opportunities in the village, so look for a better future in the city.
> Rural rich: Move to invest in urban property, and provide better education and standard of living for their families.
1) How has increased FDI helped?
1) It has created many jobs, and has led to the growth of a global financial hub.
1) What are some of the struggles of newly arrived rural migrants?
1) >They end up living in slums and struggling to find work.
> City girls are open to assault on public transport.
1) What are some urban pull factors?
1) Urban pull: > Better opportunities > Better paid jobs > Better quality of life > Growth in outsourcing jobs > Better education, health and entertainment. > Better housing
1) What are some rural push factors?
1) >Drought and flooding > Lack of services > Lack of investment > Lack of opportunities > Low pay > Rural poverty
Social Challenges:
1) How many urban dwellers live in poverty?
1) Half of the world’s urban dwellers live in poverty.
1) How have many countries persuaded TNC’s to invest there?
2) Why is the reduced revenue a problem?
1) By offering low tax rates.
2) The government will be unable to pay for badly needed infrastructure.
1) What are some social challenges caused by rapid economic growth?
1) > Challenges government to provide housing and education.
> Private companies are more likely to provide housing, water, healthcare, energy and sanitation systems, however these companies will target high earners first.
> Shantytowns are caused by uncontrolled urban growth.
> More homeless, as accommodation becomes unaffordable.
Environmental Challenges:
1) What place was New Delhi ranked by the WHO, for air quality?
2) Where was London ranked?
1) New Delhi was judged the worst, with 153 micrograms of particulates per cubic metre.
2) 2516th, with 16 micrograms.
1) In New Delhi, by how much will the number of vehicles grow, between 2010 and 2025?
1) From 4.7 million to 26 million.
1) How many people does pollution kill?
1) It is India’s 5th largest killer. causing respiratory and cardiac problems.
1) What other environmental problems cause disease?
1) Sewage pollution, chemical dumping from factories, and fuel spillages from poorly maintained vehicles.
International migration
1) What doe international migration cause?
1) Interdependence between regions.
1) How many migrants were there in 2014?
2) Where did these people come from?
1) 231.6 million migrants.
2) They travelled from the south to the north, but also within these regions.
London
1) What caused London to become a major world city?
1) This has been thanks to its knowledge economy, and wealthy migrants who have moved there.
1) In 2013, how many of the buyers involved in property sales in Central London, were foreign?
1) 82%
1) Give examples of Qatari investments:
1) The Shard, Canary Wharf, Harrods and the One Hyde Park development.
1) How many of the foreign purchases of residential property in London, between 2004 and 2014, went to Russians?
2) What has this high demand caused?
3) In 2011, for how much did an apartment in One Hyde Park sell?
1) 1/3
2) Property price inflation - houses have become too expensive for native Londoners.
3) £136 million - to a Ukrainian oligarch
Low-wage migrants
> Which places have benefited from flows of cheap labour?
1) The UAE and Qatar.
1) How much of the UAE’s workforce is made up of migrants?
1) 90% (1.75 million Indians and 1.25 million Pakistanis).
1) Why is there a risk of them being deported when their contract ends?
1) This is because their visa is tied to a particular job.
1) What have low-wage migrants helped create?
1) Infrastructure for high-end tourism and services, as these nations try to diversify their economies.
1) In 2014, how many migrants were there working in construction in Qatar?
2) How many were from Nepal?
3) What are these migrants working on?
4) How many workers from Nepal, India and Bangladesh had died from work-related accidents, in 2012 and 2013.
1) 1.4 million
2) 400,000
3) Football stadiums and facilities for the 2022 World Cup.
4) 964 workers
Costs and Benefits of Migration
1) What do host locations gain?
2) What do source locations lose?
1) The gaps in their labour markets are filled.
2) Their economies suffer, because young skilled workers are lost.
1) Which group of people are more likely to migrate?
1) Highly educated and professional people. as they are most able to seek opportunities overseas.
1) What impact will international migration have on the host location?
1) > Receive skilled workers
> Fill shortages in key areas
>Gain lower-skilled workers for the 3Ds.
> Sustains the growing leisure sector, more workers for restaurants and hotels.
> Sustains middle classes, by gaining workers for childcare, cleaning and elderly care.
> Balances an ageing population with young adults - increases birth rate.
> Can put pressure on housing, healthcare and schools.
1) What impact will international migration have on the source location?
1) `> Reduced unemployment, because people move to find jobs elsewhere.
> Brain-drain occurs in key areas, such as healthcare.
> Earns remittance payments.
> More employment, because remittance payments are used to build homes or invest in local businesses.
> Young people migrate, leaving behind children and the elderly. They will have to manage businesses on their own.
1) Give an example of how migration can become political:
1) In 2015, there was an increase in the number of illegal migrants entering the EU. Some countries erected fencing to control the flow. Those from Syria were mainly attempting to reach Northern Europe.
