3.5) The scale and pace of economic migration has increased as the world has become more interconnected, creating consequences for people and the physical environment:

Question 1

1) What milestone was reached in 2008?

Answer 1

1) Half the population lived in urban settlements over 10000 people.

Question 2

1) What will happed by 2050?

Answer 2

1) An extra 3 billion people will be living in urban areas.

Question 3

1) What are world cities?

Answer 3

1) Cities that have a major influence, based on: finance, law, political strength, innovation and ICT.

Question 4

1) What is the problem with New Delhi’s hyper-urbanisation?

Answer 4

1) It’s becoming harder for the authorities to provide for basic needs, such as sanitation.

Question 5

1) By how much will New Delhi grow between 2010 and 2020?

Answer 5

1) By 40%

Question 6

1) What are the causes of this population growth?

Answer 6

1) > High birth rate and low death rate.

> One of the world’s fastest rates of rural-to-urban migration.

Question 7

1) Who do these rural migrants consist of?

Answer 7

1) > Rural poor: Lack opportunities in the village, so look for a better future in the city.
> Rural rich: Move to invest in urban property, and provide better education and standard of living for their families.

Question 8

1) How has increased FDI helped?

Answer 8

1) It has created many jobs, and has led to the growth of a global financial hub.

Question 9

1) What are some of the struggles of newly arrived rural migrants?

Answer 9

1) >They end up living in slums and struggling to find work.
> City girls are open to assault on public transport.

Question 10

1) What are some urban pull factors?

Answer 10

1) Urban pull: > Better opportunities
> Better paid jobs
> Better quality of life
> Growth in outsourcing jobs
> Better education, health and entertainment.
> Better housing

Question 11

1) What are some rural push factors?

Answer 11

1) >Drought and flooding
> Lack of services
> Lack of investment
> Lack of opportunities
> Low pay
> Rural poverty

Question 12

Social Challenges:

1) How many urban dwellers live in poverty?

Answer 12

1) Half of the world’s urban dwellers live in poverty.

Question 13

1) How have many countries persuaded TNC’s to invest there?

2) Why is the reduced revenue a problem?

Answer 13

1) By offering low tax rates.

2) The government will be unable to pay for badly needed infrastructure.

Question 14

1) What are some social challenges caused by rapid economic growth?

Answer 14

1) > Challenges government to provide housing and education.
> Private companies are more likely to provide housing, water, healthcare, energy and sanitation systems, however these companies will target high earners first.
> Shantytowns are caused by uncontrolled urban growth.
> More homeless, as accommodation becomes unaffordable.

Question 15

Environmental Challenges:

1) What place was New Delhi ranked by the WHO, for air quality?
2) Where was London ranked?

Answer 15

1) New Delhi was judged the worst, with 153 micrograms of particulates per cubic metre.
2) 2516th, with 16 micrograms.

Question 16

1) In New Delhi, by how much will the number of vehicles grow, between 2010 and 2025?

Answer 16

1) From 4.7 million to 26 million.

Question 17

1) How many people does pollution kill?

Answer 17

1) It is India’s 5th largest killer. causing respiratory and cardiac problems.

Question 18

1) What other environmental problems cause disease?

Answer 18

1) Sewage pollution, chemical dumping from factories, and fuel spillages from poorly maintained vehicles.

Question 19

International migration

1) What doe international migration cause?

Answer 19

1) Interdependence between regions.

Question 20

1) How many migrants were there in 2014?

2) Where did these people come from?

Answer 20

1) 231.6 million migrants.

2) They travelled from the south to the north, but also within these regions.

Question 21

London

1) What caused London to become a major world city?

Answer 21

1) This has been thanks to its knowledge economy, and wealthy migrants who have moved there.

Question 22

1) In 2013, how many of the buyers involved in property sales in Central London, were foreign?

Answer 22

1) 82%

Question 23

1) Give examples of Qatari investments:

Answer 23

1) The Shard, Canary Wharf, Harrods and the One Hyde Park development.

Question 24

1) How many of the foreign purchases of residential property in London, between 2004 and 2014, went to Russians?
2) What has this high demand caused?
3) In 2011, for how much did an apartment in One Hyde Park sell?

Answer 24

1) 1/3
2) Property price inflation - houses have become too expensive for native Londoners.
3) £136 million - to a Ukrainian oligarch

Question 25

Low-wage migrants

> Which places have benefited from flows of cheap labour?

Answer 25

1) The UAE and Qatar.

Question 26

1) How much of the UAE’s workforce is made up of migrants?

Answer 26

1) 90% (1.75 million Indians and 1.25 million Pakistanis).

Question 27

1) Why is there a risk of them being deported when their contract ends?

Answer 27

1) This is because their visa is tied to a particular job.

Question 28

1) What have low-wage migrants helped create?

Answer 28

1) Infrastructure for high-end tourism and services, as these nations try to diversify their economies.

Question 29

1) In 2014, how many migrants were there working in construction in Qatar?
2) How many were from Nepal?
3) What are these migrants working on?
4) How many workers from Nepal, India and Bangladesh had died from work-related accidents, in 2012 and 2013.

Answer 29

1) 1.4 million
2) 400,000
3) Football stadiums and facilities for the 2022 World Cup.
4) 964 workers

Question 30

Costs and Benefits of Migration

1) What do host locations gain?
2) What do source locations lose?

Answer 30

1) The gaps in their labour markets are filled.

2) Their economies suffer, because young skilled workers are lost.

Question 31

1) Which group of people are more likely to migrate?

Answer 31

1) Highly educated and professional people. as they are most able to seek opportunities overseas.

Question 32

1) What impact will international migration have on the host location?

Answer 32

1) > Receive skilled workers
> Fill shortages in key areas
>Gain lower-skilled workers for the 3Ds.
> Sustains the growing leisure sector, more workers for restaurants and hotels.
> Sustains middle classes, by gaining workers for childcare, cleaning and elderly care.
> Balances an ageing population with young adults - increases birth rate.
> Can put pressure on housing, healthcare and schools.

Question 33

1) What impact will international migration have on the source location?

Answer 33

1) `> Reduced unemployment, because people move to find jobs elsewhere.
> Brain-drain occurs in key areas, such as healthcare.
> Earns remittance payments.
> More employment, because remittance payments are used to build homes or invest in local businesses.
> Young people migrate, leaving behind children and the elderly. They will have to manage businesses on their own.

Question 34

1) Give an example of how migration can become political:

Answer 34

1) In 2015, there was an increase in the number of illegal migrants entering the EU. Some countries erected fencing to control the flow. Those from Syria were mainly attempting to reach Northern Europe.