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History -Tudors > 3.6 - Queen takes queen? > Flashcards

3.6 - Queen takes queen? Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Mary Queen of Scots, and why was she deemed to be a legitimate heir?

A

-Only surviving child of James V of Scotland
-Legitimate heir -> Margaret Tudor (HVII’s daughter) married to her grandfather James IV of Scotland
-Elizabeth perceived by Catholics to be an illegitimate heir (H’ marriage to Anne = invalid)

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2
Q

Where did Mary spend her childhood?

A

Spent her youth in France -> repeated attempts from the English to capture her so she moved to France (her mother’s country)
-> brought up in the French Court and married the heir to the French throne

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3
Q

How did Mary’s connection with France enhance E’s security?

A

France’s rival, Spain, would not support a French candidate to be the queen of England
-> as long as Mary was associated with France, Philip would continue to support Elizabeth

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4
Q

When did Mary return to Scotland?

A

1560 -> French husband died, Mary begins to rule as Queen
(still has a strong connection with France, linked to the most powerful nobles… the Guise family)

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5
Q

Why was Mary’s rule threatened in 1565/66?

A

Faced with a Protestant noble revolt
-> imprisoned in her own castle in 1567 (Loch Leven)

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6
Q

When did Mary arrive in England?

A

May 1568 -> escaped Scotland, had been forced to abdicate and replaced by her young son James

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7
Q

What were the origins of the Northern Rising 1569?

A

tensions at court between rival groups of E’s nobility -> resentment towards Cecil (seen to be leading England into war with Spain)

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8
Q

Why was there increasing tension between England and Spain?

A

-> Protestant led rebellion broke out against Spanish rule in the Netherlands, but down by Spain with considerable brutality 1567-68
->Spanish ship carrying bullion took refuge from pirates one England, Cecil ordered the bullion to be seized, cut off Spanish soldiers’ wages

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9
Q

Who did the court nobles want/not want to remove?

A

Wanted to remove Cecil but not Elizabeth (saw themselves as loyal subjects)

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10
Q

Who were the men heading the court plot of 1569?

A

-Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk
-Earl of Westmorland
-Earl of Northumberland
(both earls catholic whilst Norfolk was nominally Protestant)

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11
Q

What was the aim of the court plot of 1569?

A

The Duke of Norfolk, most senior noble in the realm, would marry Mary -> provided E with a successor
-> would not only secure the English succession but control Mary

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12
Q

What did the nobles expect to follow Norfolk’s marriage to Mary?

A

Would possess enhanced political positions -> Mary as E’s heir and then Philip would use his power to topple Cecil

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13
Q

Who was the plot popular amongst in court?

A

-resentful catholic courtiers
-even Elizabeth’s favourite the Earl of Leicester

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14
Q

Why did Leicester support the Court plot?

A

Leicester thought that Mary could be restored to the Scottish throne with Norfolk at her side
-> he then believed that she may convert to protestantism in order to keep her Scottish crown and ensure a friendship with England

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15
Q

When did E find out about the Court plot and what was her response?

A

September 1569 -> she was furious and forbade any further discussion
->most men involved, such as Dudley and Norfolk, admitted to their roles in the plot

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16
Q

What were Norfolk’s religious beliefs?

A

Brought up Protestant but his sympathies seemed to lay with Catholicism

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17
Q

Did Norfolk choose to join the earls in rebelling?

A

25th September 1569 -> left the Court at London but didn’t join the rebellion in the North, instead returned to his estates at Kenninghall Norfolk

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18
Q

What did Norfolk do in October?

A

Decided to remain loyal to E -> wrote to earls trying to persuade them not to rebel, returned to the Court at the queen’s summons and was imprisoned in ToL

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19
Q

How did Norfolk contribute to the Northern Rising?

A

-Leadership at Court stirred up resentment
-Motivated by general concern for the declining role of traditional nobility
-Anger towards upstarts such as Cecil
However… his decision to remain loyal undermined he potential threat of the Northern Rising

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20
Q

What % of leading families in Yorkshire were Catholic?

A

75%

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21
Q

How did E’ settlement allow Catholicism to persist?

A

-created settlement that would allow moderate Catholics to conform
-1559 settlement and 39 Articles kept the doctrine of the CofE moderate
-liturgy of the Communion was kept deliberately ambiguous
-existence of Church Papists, Catholics who went to CofE services

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22
Q

What exacerbated the Catholic rising?

A

Remoteness of the North -> harder for central gov to react quickly

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23
Q

How did E enforce her religious settlement more strictly?

A

Appointed a series of men with strong protestant convictions to positions in the northern Church -> spread Protestant ideas whilst clamping down on Catholic activity

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24
Q

Who was E’s most controversial Catholic appointment?

A

James Pilkington as the Bishop of Durham
-> possessed radical Protestant views and preached against Catholicism and the power of the traditional nobility
-> began a campaign to eradicate traditional practices in the diocese of Durham (attempted to remove Church furniture)
-> locally very unpopular

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25
Which other appointments also contributed to the growing resentment amongst Catholics?
Appointment of Protestant outsiders to key posts -> led to both religious and political tensions -> Mary had appointed members of the traditional northern nobility to important strategic and political posts, therefore changes were felt even more acutely
26
Examples of Protestant outsiders appointed to key posts in the North?
-E's cousin, Protestant Lord Hunsdon -> Warden of the East March (traditionally held by Earl of Northumberland) -Sir John Forster, rival to Earl of Northumberland and completely loyal to E/Protestant -> Warden of the Middle March
27
Who did E appoint as president of the Council of the North/when?
Thomas Radcliffe -> Earl of Sussex, appointed President in July 1568 -> cousin of the queen and had served her loyally in Ireland
28
What ddi the appointment of E's supporters to posts in the North mean for the nobility's finances?
Appointment of rivals = loss of the incomes that these posts had brought
29
Examples of Northumberland's financial struggles?
-> 1562 wrote to the Earl of Pembroke and asked for a grant of £1,000 from the queen ->Tried to claim compensation for his rights to a copper mine on his estate but Crown refused to pay him anything (1568)
30
Example of Westmorland's financial struggles?
Forced to borrow £80 from Sir George Bowes in 1568
31
Why was the arrival of Mary in England in 1568 'awkward' for E?
-Mary was expecting refuge and help in regaining the Scottish throne -Treated well but was a serious threat to the throne -Deteriorating relationship with Spain threatened invasion
32
Where was imprisoned/when?
1569, comfortable imprisoned in Tutbury Castle (Staffordshire) -> political situation so tense she wasn't allowed to be near London or the Scottish border
33
Why did E have to show Mary some support?
Mary was an anointed Queen -> deposed by her own disobedient subjects -> E stressed the importance of royal prerogative and if E were to execute M... would set dangerous precedent for her own English subjects
34
Why was it impractical for E to put M back on the Scottish throne?
-having a minor, James VI, on the Scottish throne made the threat of invasion lesser -Earl of Moray was the regent, was a Protestant which enhanced security in England
35
Why was Mary's presence in England a threat to E?
-A focus for members of nobility who were discontented with E's rule -E in a weaker position (unmarried and without children)... M had an heir -Nobility prepared to support Mary's marriage to the DoN
36
Why did the Northern Earls have to abandon their initial plan/when?
Norfolk's withdrawal from Court led them to believe he was joining them -> made plans to rebel on 6th October... had to be hastily abandoned when DoN pledged his support to E
37
How did the Earl of Sussex act to prevent the Northern Rising?
President of the Council of the North -> called Northumberland and Westmorland for questioning before the CoN -> they claimed that they were innocent of any plotting and Sussex accepted their claims and set them free
38
When did E summon C and W to her Court?
24th October 1569... against the advice of the Earl of Sussex
39
When did C and W begin their rebellion/why?
Earls feared what would happen to them if they went to London -> decided to rebel on the 9th November -> felt they had no alternative
40
Where did the earls make their base/amass support?
Supporters amassed at the Earl of Westmorland's Castle at Brancepeth in County Durham
41
Who did the Northern Rising garner the support of?
Disgruntled members of the nobility and support from the commons (all resented E's religious policies)
42
Where did the gentry loyal to the queen gather?
Gathered at Barnard Castle, also in Durham -> under the leadership of Sir George Bowes (the steward of the Castle) -> remained loyal to E
43
Where did the rebels first march to?
Durham Cathedral, where they celebrated a Catholic mass, and destroyed all signs/symbols of Protestantism -> returned to Brancepeth and built up defences
44
Where did the rebels march after Durham/when?
15th November began to march south
45
What were the rebels aims in marching South?
raise the county of Yorkshire in rebellion -> as they moved south the earls issued proclamations
46
What did the earls proclaim as they marched?
-They were E's loyal subjects, defending her from Cecil -Cecil was illy advising E to attack Catholicism -They were marching as concerned subjects who wished to free her from bad advice -Parallels to the pilgrims in the PoG
47
When did the rebels march to Bramham Moor and why was this strategic?
22 November -> Bramham Moor = strategic junction, joined York to other towns, and met the great Roman Road, which led to London -> gaining control of the junction meant threatening York itself, an important centre of Northern government ->blocked gov troops from marching North -> could march 40 miles to Tutbury Castle and capture Mary
48
How many troops did the rebels have by late November?
3,800 foot soldiers 1,600 horsemen
49
Where was Sussex trapped?
Trapped in York with only 400 horsemen, unable to act -> unable to attract enough support to raise 1,500 footmen -> stopped sending letters, fearing they would be intercepted
50
What did Lord Hunsdon send a letter warning of?
Sent a message to Cecil advising him to move Mary from Tutbury
51
Why did the rebels not continue to march South?
-Heard rumours of a large royal army, being organised further South -Mary had been moved from Tutbury to Coventry -If they marched further south wouldn't have the same kind of support (earls didn't possess power in the south) -Had hoped to raise Cheshire and Lancashire in rebellion, unsuccessful due to the earl of Derby staying loyal
52
How many rebel troops besieged Barnard Castle in December 1569?
3,200 footmen and 1,500 horsemen
53
When/why did the rebels disband their troops?
December 1569, large royal army arrived at the River Tees, rebel army disbanded -> earls got as far as Hexham before they were challenged by Sir John Forster
54
When did the rebel troops and army fight a brief skirmish?
19th December -> earls escaped
55
What happened to the earls?
->Northumberland fled over the border to Scotland, handed over to the pro-english Regent Earl of Moray... returned to England in 1572 and beheaded in York ->Westmorland escaped to the continent and remained in exile for the rest of his life
56
Why was Lord Dare under suspicion?
In correspondence with Mary -> professed loyalty to E in London
57
Why did Dacre come under further suspicion?
-returned to estates in Cumbria and fortified its defences -gathered armed forces of 3,000 men -warrant for his arrest 15th February
58
What conflict took place between Lord Hunsdon and Lord Dacre?
Hunsdon went to take Dacre into custody and was attacked ->500 rebels killed/captured... Hudson and troops victorious but Dacre escaped to exile
59
Significance of Durham in the Northern Rising?
-Durham = important administrative centre but not heavily fortified... captured easily by rebels -Religious and political tensions -Actions of the Bishop of Durham had upset local community -794 of NR participants from Durham
60
What particular aspect of the Cathedral at Durham upset the rebels?
Symbolised the move to Protestantism ->banner representing local saint, St Cuthbert, had been destroyed
61
How many rebels besieged Barnard Castle?
5,000
62
What did starvation lead to those doing with Barnard Castle?
->226 men from within jumped over the walls to join the rebels ->150 of the defenders then turned own Bowes and opened the castle gates ->Bowes forced to surrender and left with 400 of his men
63
What did the siege of Barnard Castle demonstrate to Elizabeth?
-E's supporters weak and isolated -Bowes unable to control 'loyal' men
64
Why was Barnard Castle a temporary success for the rebels?
-Forced to flee two days later -Rebels didn't want to cause physical harm to Bowes or his men
65
Was the rebellion violent?
Almost entirely peaceful, like the PoG -> most of the violence that did occur was prompted by gov repression
66
What did each earl want to gain from the rebellion?
W -> expected increased patronage and favour from Norfolk, hoped to restate his influence and power in the North N -> never in favour of marriage (Norfolk nominally Protestant), suggested better marriage as Philip II and M, restoration of the Catholic faith
67
When did Northumberland join the rebellion?
9th November -> persuaded by his commitment to the Catholic faith
68
Why was the role/status of the earls so significant (for E)?
-Both in contact with people that were potential enemies of Elizabeth (Mary and Spanish Ambassador) -Determination to restore Catholicism -Well-known and traditional loyalties remained strong -able to rely on the support of other Catholic gentry -able to use own estates to gain support of tenants
69
Problems with the army sent to face the rebels?
-Over a month for the army to reach Durham -Mustering showed weakness -Army large/expensive -> long time to reach Durham -Sussex and Hunsdon asked for small force of 800 men and 500 cavalry... ignored
70
Problems with the leadership of the earls?
Unfocused -> W, committed to DoN/M marriage but had to be persuaded to join the rebellion by his uncle (Christopher Neville) -> N, didn't agree with marriage and even less inclined to join the rebellion
71
How did gov prevent the rising from being victorious?
Men such as Forster, George Bowes and Lord Hunsdon remained entirely loyal to the Queen and were in constant contact with gov -> information provided led to counter attack, large enough to scare off rebels
72
Why didn't the rebellion gain the wider support of nobility (examples)?
-Most felt that it was too risky -Earl of Cumberland, previously in trouble for protecting Catholic priests, unwilling to take risk -> helped defend Carlisle from rebel attack -Earl of Derby who had Catholic sympathies (controlled much of Lancashire and Cheshire), preferred to stay loyal
73
Examples of members of the local gentry not getting involved in the rising?
John Sayer -> usually a supporter of the Earl of Northumberland... chose not to follow the earl into rebellion -> helped George Bowes in defending Barnard Castle
74
How many people did the earls attract to support the rebellion?
5,000
75
Why did the earls see a lack of support?
-lack of influence beyond the regions they were dominant in -popular attitudes to religion had began to change -familiarity not religion appealed to the commons' sense of tradition -popular dislike and suspicion of foreigners meant a return to Rome was not widely supported
76
Did the northern rising gain foreign support?
rebels believed Philip II was going to send troops -> he remained reluctant as Mary had too many connections with France -> Philip preferred that England remained Protestant but free off French control
77
Who else did the rebels hope would give them foreign support?
the Scottish Catholic supporters of Mary, prevented by the pro-English regent of Scotland
78
Why for many catholics did the rebellion lack legitimacy?
E had not yet been excommunicated by the Pope
79
When did the Pope eventually excommunicate Elizabeth?
February 1570 (too late for the rebels)
80
How many men died in the class between Dacre and Hunsdon?
500 rebels
81
How many ringleaders were executed after the revolt?
8
82
How many ordinary rebels did E order to be executed?
700
83
How did Bowes soften the impact of E's order to execute 700 rebels?
Only punished a small proportion -> only 57 executions out of 215... Bowes claimed many of the intended victims had escaped
84
How did the Earl of Sussex help lessen the severity of E's punishments?
Told E that Bowes had completed the executions in the region long before he had
85
How many of the 700 executions were actually carried out?
450
86
When was the Council of the North reorganised?
1572
87
Who was made head of the Council of the North?
Puritan Henry Hastings -> helped to stabilise the region, helped by the confiscation of rebel lands
88
When was the Earl of Moray assassinated and by who?
1570, assassinated by a supporter of Mary
89
What did the assassination of the earl of Moray/recent rebellion allow the English gov to do?
gave the English gov an excuse to launch a series of raids across the Scottish border -> English claimed they were pursuing rebels that had escaped -> using the invasion to undermine Mary's supporters in Scotland... not able to take advantage of Moray's assassination
90
Politique?
A person who preferred to support moderate forms of religion and some religious toleration to promote unity
91
How did attitudes to religion change after the northern rising?
Became more hard-line
92
What was the papal bull?
An order issued by the pope which all catholics were expected to obey
93
What was the papal bull issued in 1570?
the Regnans in Excelsis -> excommunicated E
94
What risked the extinguishment of Protestantism on the continent?
Protestant rebellions in France and the Netherlands -> E unwilling to go to war, Catholic more powerful = increasing anti-Catholic paranoia
95
What also contributed to increasing anti-Catholic paranoia?
Arrival of Catholic missionary priests in England
96
Why did some English Catholics have split loyalties?
Split between obeying the queen and obeying the papal bull -> overrode their vow of obedience
97
Who began to treat recusants more harshly?
Puritan Earl of Huntingdon (president of the Council of the North) -> protestant preachers appointed to all churches in the North
98
The arrival of who signalled an increase in the threat of Catholicism?
Arrival of English Catholic priests from 1574 -> trained in a Catholic seminary -> seminaries sent approx. 800 priests... Jesuits also began to arrive, including Cuthbert Mayne
99
When was E forced to call her first Parliament for 5 years/why?
1571 -> in response to growing religious and political crises in England -> subsequent parliament held in 1572, 1581, 1584 and 1586 -> each followed a threat of assassination to E
100
Examples of Parliament increasing the punishment for recusancy?
-treasonable offence to obtain or publish the papal bull -Treason Act extended to include those who said E had no right to be queen
101
What Act, regarding Mary, did E disagree to?
1572 Parliament wanted to pass an Act that banned Mary from the English Succession
102
When was the fine for not attending Church increased?
£20 a month or imprisonment
103
When/why did the fear of a Catholic plot increase?
1584 -> Dutch Protestant rebel leader, William of Orange killed
104
What was the Bond of Association/when?
1584 -> circulated by E's council... those who signed the Bond pledged to put to death anyone who tried to gain the throne by harming E
105
What was the Act for the Queen's safety?
An Act against Catholic Priests -> ordered them to leave the country within 40 days or be executed for treason -> any found guilty of helping them would face the death penalty
106
When did England go to war with Spain/what did this mean?
1585 -> strong possibility of a foreign Catholic invasion
107
What did Walsingham uncover in 1586?
Discovered another plot to assassinate Elizabeth, involved Mary and English and French Catholics
108
What was E reluctant to do?
Sign Mary's death warrant... furious when her orders had been carried out
109
How many Catholic were there in England in 1603?
50,000 out of a population of 5 million
110
Why did the number of Catholics decline?
-lack of access to priests -Jesuit and seminary priests not able to reach the majority of the population -English clergy starting to die out -by 1580s, whole generation grown up with CofE
111
What did some Puritans push for?
A more radical (Protestant) religious settlement to make English Protestantism more secure
112
How did E's council change after the Northern Rising/examples?
All men had Protestant sympathies -> Mildmay, Dudley, Earl of Warwick and Walsingham
113
Who of the men on E's council favoured sending an army to help Dutch Protestants?
Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
114
When did E help the Dutch openly?
1585, when war with Spain broke out
115
When did Protestant fears of Catholicism reach their greatest heights?
1588, with the arrival of the Spanish Armada
116
What was Anglicanism?
Practices of the Church of England and its followers
117
What increased the spread of Protestantism?
Growth of printing -> cheap religious tracts and ballads were produce and easily circulated -> tracts were strongly antipapal and xenophobic, emphasised that support for the CofE was the duty of all loyal Englishmen
118
What bill did Strickland (MP) try and introduce in 1571?
A more radical book of common prayer
119
Who were separatists?
A minority of Puritans, Reid to break away from the CofE by setting up their own independent Churches
120
What did some puritans want towards the end of E's rule?
Wanted to challenge her right to be governor of the CofE and wanted to break away from the CofE all together
121
What Act was introduced to protect from Puritan separatists?
Act against Seditious Secretaries, 1593

History -Tudors (5 decks)

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