3.4 - Challenging Religious Changes Flashcards
1
Q
Why did Henry Viii want to establish royal supremacy?
A
He saw it as the best way to achieve the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
2
Q
What did Henry appoint Cromwell as in 1535? What did this role mean and how did Cromwell use it?
A
Vicegerent in Spirituals
Gave him power over the church as deputy in all religious matters, meaning doctrine could be altered.
Appointed Bishops who shared his own religious reviews, such as Hugh Latimer.
3
Q
What and when was the act of ten articles?
A
1536
First attempt to define the doctrine of the new English church.
4
Q
Name some of the parts of the act of ten articles that differed from Catholic belief
A
Article on the Eucharist was deliberately ambiguous in its language.
The number of sacraments considered necessary for salvation was reduced from 7 to 3.
5
Q
Cromwell issued a set of injunctions to the English clergy in 1536. What changes did he order?
A
Condemned pilgrimages, the emphasis put on relics and images, and the worship of saints.
Holy days, which would allow communities to stop work and celebrate, were banned.
6
Q
What was the Act of Supremacy and when was it passed?
A
The Act of Supremacy was a law passed in 1534 under King Henry VIII, declaring the king as the Supreme Head of the Church of England, thus breaking from the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope’s authority.
7
Q
What and when was the treason act?
A
The 1534 Treason Act was a law that made it a crime to deny the king’s supreme authority over the Church of England, as well as to speak or act against the king or his marriage to Anne Boleyn.
8
Q
Which influential opponents of Henry’s supremacy were executed for treason due to the acts of treason and supremacy?
A
Thomas more (ex-chancellor)
John fisher (bishop of Rochester)
Both executed in 1535
9
Q
After the executions of More and Fisher, which members of the court came together to emerge a conservative faction, aiming to restore Catholicism?
A
-Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk
-Edward Stanley, Earl of Derby
-Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland
-Thomas, Lord Darcy
-John, Lord Hussey
10
Q
Those who wanted to restore the Catholic faith saw Mary as what?
A
A figurehead for the restoration, as she was a practicing catholic and had been made illegitimate and barred from the succession in 1534. Restoring her succession would mean a return to Rome in the future.
11
Q
By the 1530s, there were nearly ___ religious houses in England.
A
900
12
Q
Name as many reasons as you can why monasteries were important in England.
A
-Homes for Monastic orders (Monks and Nuns)
-Provided support for the poor
-Provided care for the sick and elderly
-Centres of education and learning
-Before the printing press in the late 15th century, monks were responsible for copying and preserving books.
-Local employers for both unskilled agricultural labourers and skilled craftsmen
-Landlords, often leased land to farmers.
13
Q
What were most monastic orders controlled by?
A
Foreign Catholic orders in France, Spain, or Italy, with their obedience being owed to Rome
14
Q
What did Cromwell see the monasteries as?
A
A representation of the wealth and corruption of the church, promoting what he thought was a superstitious belief, purgatory.
15
Q
A
16
Q
What would Dissolving the monasteries give Henry?
A
A valuable source of income, which he could use to defend England from the threat of a Catholic invasion after the break from Rome.
17
Q
What and when was Valor Ecclesiasticus?
A
1535
Surveyed all church property and revealed to Henry the immense wealth of the monasteries.
18
Q
What followed Valor E?
A
Visitations of the monasteries by commissioners appointed by Cromwell, such as Thomas Legh and Richard Layton, to find evidence of corruption to use against the monasteries.
19
Q
Between 1536 and 1547, the dissolution of the lesser monasteries accrued how much money?
A
£1,300,000
20
Q
When was the dissolution of the lesser monasteries passed?
A
1536
21
Q
What were ‘lesser’ monasteries?
A
Those defined as worth less than £200 per annum
22
Q
Where and when did rebellion first start due to the dissolution of the monasteries?
A
2nd October 1536, Louth, Lincolnshire
23
Q
How did the name and banner of the POG show the religious motivations of the rebellion?
A
“Pilgrimage”- the rebels modelled themselves on the Catholic rite of peaceful pilgrimage, which was attacked by Cromwell’s reforms.
The banner showed the five wounds of Christ, making it clear that they were rebelling in gods name.
24
Q
The undermining of Catholic traditions by Cromwells reforms threatened what many rebels thought would happen to their _____ after _____
A
Souls after death.
25
What happened in 1534 that worsened the economic and social hardship in the North?
The subsidy, a tax to raise crown revenue.
It coincided with two years of poor weather and bad harvests, multiplying their losses.
26
Why was the 1534 subsidy particularly controversial?
It had been levied during peacetime, and led to rumours that the government was planning to introduce even more taxes.
27
What years were the northern poor harvests?
1535-36
28
How did the methods used to collect the 1534 subsidy contribute to growing resentment in the North?
Commissioners were used to inquire each persons ability to pay.
This meant that yet another government commission was taking place, adding to resentment about levels of government intrusion in the localities.
29
What was enclosure?
When landlords blocked land using fencing and hedges connected to smaller holdings of land. This blocked access to the enclosed land, which was often used for sheep farming.
30
What was an entry fine?
Payment to a landlord when a tenant died and was succeeded by an heir. A method to increase their profits.
31
What was the trigger of the Lincolnshire uprising?
The government commissioners in addition to the visitations of the clergy that arrived in Louth.
32
What were the visitations of the clergy?
An inquiry that assessed the standard of education among the clergy.
33
The Lincolnshire rebels made it clear that they were not rebelling against _____, but rather ____ ________
Not against Henry, but rather his counsellors.
34
Why did the Lincolnshire rebels say that they weren’t rebelling against the king?
They would be charged for treason. But if they presented themselves as loyal but concerned with misgovernment, then perhaps the king would consider their grievances.
35
What was the first action of the Lincolnshire uprising?
The men of Louth captured the commissioners who were at the Legbourne nunnery to dissolve it.
36
What rumours and anxieties started the Lincolnshire uprising after the commissioners were captured?
That the weapons of the commons would be taken and that the visitations of the clergy would affect the livelihoods of the local priests.
37
How many people met at Louth at the start of the uprising?
3,000
38
After Louth, where did the rebellion spread to initially?
Caistor and Horncastle
39
What developments were made in the Lincolnshire uprising on the 9th October 1536?
-Petition was drawn up
-Dr Raynes, the chancellor of the bishop of Lincoln, was brought to Horncastle and was killed by an angry mob.
40
When the rebels marched on Lincoln, how many men did they have?
10,000
41
Which nobles, who should’ve stopped the Lincolnshire rebels, instead fled?
Lord Hussey and Lord Clinton
42
By the time the Lincolnshire rebels joined in Lincoln, how far away was the kings army?
40 miles
43
Who led the kings army against the Lincolnshire rebels?
The Duke of Suffolk
44
How did the Lincolnshire uprising end?
Under threat of open treason, the gentry rebels asked Suffolk for a pardon. This angered the commons, but on the 11th October they were persuaded to go home by Suffolk’s representative.
45
What was the name of the demand list drawn up by the rebels who met at Lincoln on the 9th October?
The Lincoln articles
46
What were the demands of the Lincoln Articles (1536)?
- Restoration of the Catholic Church and papal authority.
- Repeal of the Royal Supremacy
- Restoration of the monasteries.
- Removal of corrupt officials
47
Who was the leader of the Lincolnshire uprising?
Nicholas Melton, a shoemaker
48
When and where did the pilgrimage of grace begin?
10th October, the East Riding of Yorkshire.
49
By the 16th October, how many rebels had joined in the East Riding? (POG)
What happened on the 16th?
10,000
The rebels took over the city of York.
50
What did the pilgrimage rebels do in York?
Aske issued a proclamation stating the pilgrims peaceful intentions and their determination to protect the church.
Restored two religious houses that had been dissolved.
51
What did the pilgrimage rebels do on the 19th October?
Captured the port of Hull and Pontefract castle.
52
What happened to Lord Darcy regarding Pontefract when the rebels reached him ?
Wrote to the king for help, but did little else to stop the rebels, eventually being persuaded to join them.
53
Where else did rebellion start which contributed to the size and threat of the pilgrimage of grace?
The North riding of Yorkshire, Westmorland, Cumberland.
54
At its peak, how many people were in the pilgrims rebel army?
30,000
55
What mistake had Henry made regarding armies for the pilgrimage of grace?
He disbanded the second army that he sent to deal with the Lincolnshire uprising, leaving weak resistance to the POG which occurred afterwards.
56
Why was there such a delay for the crown to take action against the POG?
Henry had sent home a second army, and the first, led by Suffolk, was still restoring order in Lincolnshire after the rebellion there.
57
What happened on the 23rd October 1536?
The Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Shrewsbury marched north with an army of 8,000 men.
58
What were Norfolk and Shrewsbury forced to do when they first met the POG and why?
Negotiate.
They had 8,000 men, the pilgrims numbered 30,000 and had military experience amongst them.
59
When did the POG rebel meeting with Norfolk and Aske take place?
27th October 1536
60
What were the 24 complaints of the POG called?
The Pontefract articles.
61
What was the result of the second meeting between Norfolk and Aske?
The rebels were granted a pardon and a promise that parliament would be held in the north to negotiate the fate of the monasteries.
62
63
How had Henry tricked the pilgrims?
The promise of pardon and parliament was merely a tool used by Henry to bide his time until he could enact punishment on them.
64
What was Bigod’s uprising?
A small, failed uprising led by Francis Bigod after the realisation that Henry didn’t intend to change anything after the POG in January 1537.
65
What did the further unrest in the north such as bigod give Henry?
The excuse to punish all of the rebels against him.
66
How did Henry punish the rebels after Bigods uprising
Norfolk sent to brutally suppress the rebels. Gentry who previously helped the rebels were hired to suppress it, in exchange for avoidance of their own punishment.
The most involved members of the pilgrimage, such as Aske, were taken to Londonfor trial and many were executed.
67
How many people were executed after they were taken to LDN (POG), and which significant figures were included in this?
At least 144, including Aske, Bigod, Hussey.
68
What happened to the Carlisle rebels?
Carlisle rebels hanged and trials and executions conducted through Cumberland
-> Former pilgrim Robert Bowes conducted trials, gentry turned against rebels
69
Who were some of the nobles involved in the PoG?
Influential noble rebels included -> Lord Darcy, Lord Hussey, Sir Robert Constable, Sir Ingram Percy and Sir Thomas Percy. (members of conservative faction in Court)
-> Robert Aske and Bowes = considerable status in North both lawyers -> well-educated, could articulate grievances well, both had links to northern nobility, Aske = cousin to Henry Clifford, earl of Cumberland
70
How did the involvement of the Percys affect the PoG?
Percy family had a stronghold of power in the North of England threatened by H, their involvement in the PoG persuaded many others to join, many of their tenants and followers joined them
71
Aside from the nobles, who else was involved in the PoG?
First stage of rebellion raised by commons of Yorkshire -> clergy men and monks later involved
->Pontefract Articles = grievances across whole of society, included restoration of papacy, abuses of Tudor gov, high levels of taxation and greedy landlords
72
Who did not support the PoG?
Earl of Derby remained loyal and Clifford family, who defended Skipton, Carlisle and Berwick from rebels
->Both families rewarded by H in 1530s, explains loyalty
->Earl of Northumberland too ill to partake, surrendered Wressle castle
73
How many clergymen were executed after the PoG?
6 abbots, 38 monks and 16 parish priests were executed in the wake of PoG
74
How did the PoG pose a threat to Henry's government?
-Enormous logistical challenge, number of rebels / rapidity which they gathered -> Worsened by parallel rebellion in Lincolnshire, diverted attention of Duke of Suffolk and army
-Nobility/gentry joining -> those usually called upon couldn't be relied on
-rebels well organised, early contact with Lincolnshire rebels, able to co-ordinate their protest with efficiency
-all rebels acknowledged leader as Aske -> speed that rebellion grew at -> rebels communicated well and were in constant contact
-Aske meant rebellion remained peaceful, helped attract support of landed gentry otherwise threatened by violence
-Size of rebel army (30,000) larger than army of 8,000 raised by gov,
-October-December 1536, DoN forced to negotiate with rebels rather than suppress them
75
How did the PoG not pose a threat to Henry's government?
-Aske prepared to believe DoN and H's promises and DoN able to take advantage of obedience of commons, prepared to trust social superiors
-H able to take advantage of further rebellions (bigod's) excuse to punish rebels, when rebels realised they had been tricked, rebel army had dispersed
-Rebels didn't want to remove H from the throne, too far and plotters in Court wouldn't go this far, Henry rewarded nobility loyal to him, H able to keep enough men on side
76
Who was Robert Aske?
Most influential leader of the PoG -> born into gentry family.
-> Entered legal profession, practised law in both London and Yorkshire
->intelligence and skill as a speaker made him a natural leader for the rebels
->committed Catholic, linked to the Lincolnshire rising
77
What religious elements did Aske create/emphasise in the PoG?
came up with name 'The pilgrimage of Grace for the Commonwealth' -> associated protest with traditional catholic ritual of a Pilgrimage
-> Aske emphasised protest was peaceful, Christian and in support of restoration of the Catholic Church in England,
->aimed to appeal to H, pilgrims asking for his/commonwealth's mercy
->Insistent that pilgrims should remain peaceful and orderly/completely loyal to H
78
How was Aske an important 'go-between'?
Legal training and membership within the gentry = natural leader of the commons, able to speak and negotiate with members of nobility (Aske spoke to Lord Darcy at Pontefract Castle)
->demands within Pontefract Articles constructed by Aske
->sent messages/representatives to other rebel groups
->balanced the demands of the commons and the gentry
79
What were some of Aske's mistakes?
-Idealism clouded his judgement
-loyalty to H/moral conviction made him too trusting of the DoN and his negotiations
-Aske persuaded the doubtful to trust H
80
When was Aske executed?
Charged with treason and executed in York on 12 July 1537
81
Who was Sir Francis Bigod and what were his intentions when rebelling?
Member of Yorkshire gentry -> Bigod committed evangelical (involved in implementing some of Cromwell's reforms)
->Belief system complete opposite to Aske's
->PoG broke out he attempted to flee, captured and joined rebellion
82
What did Bigod object to regarding the CofE?
->reformist views made him concerned for the King's supremacy over the Church -> feared H's supremacy would mean more royal interference in Church affairs, believed only clergymen should decide doctrine
83
Where did Bigod plan to capture?
Hull and Scarborough, Towns of Hull and Scarborough resisted
84
Why did Bigod begin Bigod's rising?
Felt H and DoN could not be trusted, vulnerable member of rebellion -> opposed the supremacy
-Bigod approached by former rebel John Hallam -> tried to start a new rebellion in East Riding of Yorkshire
85
When was Bigod captured?
Bigod fled and was captured in Cumberland on 10 February
86
When did Bigod's Rising begin?
16 January 1537
87
When was Bigod executed?
Taken to the Tower of London, tried and executed on 2 June 1537
88
What did Bigod's rebellion demonstrate?
-Growing distrust and paranoia amongst former pilgrims (gave H excuse to execute other Pilgrims)
-Bigod unable to harness the type of support that Aske had received, due to being a member of the gentry
->increasingly under scrutiny from commons and didn't possess the same political beliefs
89
What significance did Cromwell have regarding the risings of 1536?
->religious beliefs/policies = target for rebels -> vulnerable to an attack on his position at court
->rebellion played into hands of Conservative faction at Court, especially men like the DoN
90
How did the risings of 1536 benefit C?
Involvement of nobles in court strengthened Cromwell's position -> Cromwell able to use the rebellion to purge of any other rival claimants
91
Who were the main victims of Cromwell's purge post-1536 rebellions?
Main victims were members of Pole and Courtenay families (Henry Courtenay, Marquis of Exeter and Henry Pole, Lord Montague)
-> executions removed some remaining conservative elements at court
92
Who were C's remaining rivals in Court after his purge?
Duke of Norfolk, Stephen Gardiner and the Bishop of Winchester -> all contributed to his eventual downfall in 1540
93
What were Cromwell's actions post-1536 rebellions?
-Temporarily halted the dissolution of the monasteries for the protest
-closures of larger monasteries began in 1537
94
What were the closures of monasteries after the PoG described as?
C used pretext of 'voluntary' closures rather than using an Act of Parliament -> Abbots who surrendered their monasteries were well rewarded with a pension, those who resisted were executed
95
What happened when most of the monasteries had been shut down?
Act for Suppression of Religious Houses was passed in 1539, last monastery suppressed in 1540
96
What did the PoG suggest about C's approach to religious changes?
H and C had to take a more cautious approach to religious changes
97
When did Cromwell issue the second set of injections to the clergy?
1538
-ordered priests to discourage veneration of relics or images in at least four sermons per year
-every parish Church was to possess a copy of the Bible in English, everyone was encouraged to read it
98
When did Cromwell's religious reforms reach their peak?
1539 -> Publication of the Great Bible, a revised translation of the earlier Bible
99
Did the 1536 discourage C from pursuing religious reform?
did not discourage Cromwell in his pursuit of religious reform, risings encouraged him to continue with the changes as the best way to enforce Supremacy and power
100
What was Henry's response to the rebellions of 1536 (especially Lincolnshire)?
One of fury -> convinced of own power and right to supremacy, every subject owed absolute obedience to him.
-> Although rebels restated their obedience to Henry, still saw any rebellion as disobedience, reaction was to reject their demands and threaten
->Successful in the case of the Lincolnshire rebellion, forced rebels to consider how far they were willing to be disobedient
101
How did Henry's response to the rebels in the PoG possess weakness?
->determined to punish the rebels, expressed his outrage in his first response to the rebels and made no mention of any concessions
->Made a mistake in sending letter as rebels encouraged to continue, no negotiations promised, more to gain by pressuring H
-> Rebels had larger army than H, persuaded to continue due to their strength
102
How did Henry's response to the rebels in the PoG possess strength?
-DoN persuaded H to try different tactic -> offer negotiation to rebels without directly addressing them, undermining their position
-H was able to go back on his word easily, pilgrims unable to prove what had been promised -> prepared to promise a northern council and general pardon to rebels
-able to delay discussion on controversial policies (monasteries), delaying tactic convinced the rebels to go home
103
What was H unwilling to compromise on?
he insisted that the ringleaders of the PoG would not be pardoned, suggests a long term goal of inflicting revenge
104
Who was the Duke of Norfolk?
->Highly experienced statesman and military leader
->landed estate made him wealthiest and most powerful noble ->religious beliefs were conservative, tended to side against Cromwell
-political realist who recognised what he had to gain by staying loyal to H
105
What was Norfolk's role in the PoG?
Advised H to n negotiate rather than fight -> attempted to convince H, relented in December
->proposed the Parliament in the North, giving army time to rearm
->Chose to negotiate on the matter of monasteries even though he had been advised against it, and wasn't given permission
->Agreed with the rebels that the monasteries were to be restored until Parliament met , signalling the end of the rebellion, through no use of violence
106
How did Norfolk end the PoG?
Agreed with the rebels that the monasteries were to be restored until Parliament met , signalling the end of the rebellion, through no use of violence
107
What was Norfolks's role in the repression of 1537?
-Sent North again by H with an army, small rebellions put themselves out through threat of Norfolk
-Norfolk recruited previous Pilgrims into his council, exploited the atmosphere of distrust and divisions, all trusted N and didn't suspect they were about to be arrested -> Sir Thomas Percy also arrested
-N also declared martial law (gov faces a state of emergency)
108
Who were the pilgrims that Norfolk recruited?
Sir Ralph Ellerker, and Robert Bowes, also convinced Aske, Darcy and Sir Robert Constable
109
How did Henry take revenge post-rebellions in 1537?
1537 gave Henry the excuse to punish the rebels (resurgence), ->144 people executed, closer to 200 potentially
->Several leading clerics and abbots also executed
->N executed another 74 rebels from Carlisle
110
Who were the main victims of H's revenge?
Aske, Darcy, Hussey, Constable, Thomas Percy and Bigod.
(earl of Northumberland not executed but made H heir to his estate)
111
How was Aske treated in 1537?
Interrogated by Cromwell, extracted valuable evidence
->guilty of treason not covered by pardon
->Hung in chains from a gibbet until he died
->body was left in chains as a warning to those in the North
112
Who else did Henry surprisingly target in 1537, post PoG?
Minor figures who had said the wrong thing, Thomas Miller and Margaret Cheyney. Both had made comments that got them executed
113
What were Henry's policies like towards the North in 1537, post-PoG?
-Moderate and constructive policies
-re-organisation of the Council of the North, former pilgrims = first members such as Robert Bowes
114
Was there resentment towards Henry's treatment of the North?
-1541 a plot to kill president of the Council of the North and capture Pontefract Castle, quickly discovered and put down
-Henry went on progress to York in 1541, no rebellion in the North until 1569
