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History -Tudors > 3.3 - Challenging the succession > Flashcards

3.3 - Challenging the succession Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Battle of Bosworth?

A

22nd August 1485

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2
Q

Which Nobles watched the Battle of Bosworth from the side before joining Henry’s side?

A

Thomas Stanley and William Stanley

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3
Q

Why did Thomas and William Stanley have some loyalty towards Henry?

A

Thomas had married Henry’s widowed mother, Margaret Beaufort

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4
Q

How did the actions of the nobles at Bosworth show that loyalty towards Henry would be an issue in his early reign?

A

-The Stanleys and Northumberland betrayed their previous king, Richard III, and acted in their own best interests, meaning that Henry (with a weak claim) couldn’t trust his nobility completely.

-Some of the nobles purely wanted to overthrow Richard, the anti-Ricardian faction, instead of being loyal to Henry.

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5
Q

Which significant members of Richard’s nobility escaped Bosworth, and would later join the early opposition to Henry’s rule?

A

Francis Lovell, Humphrey and Thomas Stafford

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6
Q

How did Henry use parliament to punish the opposition at Bosworth?

A

Parliament declared that Henry was made king on the 21st August 1485, making Richard and his supporters the traitors instead of himself.

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7
Q

How did Henry use parliament to legitimise his future marriage?

A

He used parliament to cancel Titulus Regius, which was passed by Richard III to make Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville’s marriage illegitimate, and their children, which would have made his marriage to Elizabeth of York illegitimate if Titulus Regius wasn’t cancelled.

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8
Q

When was Henry VII married (and to whom) and what impact did this have?

A

-18th January 1486
-Elizabeth of York
-United the feuding factions of York and Lancaster, reducing civil tension, especially when Arthur was born later that year.

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9
Q

How did Henry ensure that the power of the nobility was restricted in his early reign?

A

He tended to avoid granting too many titles or estates which would allow the nobility to accumulate rival sources of power to the monarchy.

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10
Q

Why were the titles rewarded to Yorkists Thomas Lovell and John Morton important appointments for Henry?

A

-Would calm faction tension (rewarding Yorkists)
-They had experience governing England, which Henry, who had been in exile for most of his life, did not.

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11
Q

Which of Richard’s supporters were “rewarded” by Henry?

A

-John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln swore loyalty to Henry and was given a place on the royal council.

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12
Q

What did Henry do in the midlands and north in 1486?

A

Went on royal progress to strengthen respect and obedience for the monarchy.

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13
Q

What and when was the act of resumption?

A

-1486
-Allowed Henry to take back all crown lands which had been granted away since 1455, giving the crown more wealth and power compared to his nobility

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14
Q

Who first tried to start uprisings against Henry and what happened to them?

A

The Staffords tried to start an uprising in the midlands but failed to gain support. Humphrey was executed, Thomas was pardoned.

Francis Lovell tried to raise a rebellion in Yorkshire, which was suppressed by Jasper Tudor. Lovell fled to Burgundy.

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15
Q

Who was Lambert Simnel?

A

A 10 year old who was trained by Richard Simons, a priest, to impersonate Edward Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick, to be the figurehead for a rebellion in 1486-87

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16
Q

Which noble fled to Burgundy to join Lovell and Margaret for the Simnel challenge?

A

John de la Pole

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17
Q

Why did Margaret of Burgundy want Henry removed?

A

She was the sister of Richard III, who Henry Usurped

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18
Q

How did Margaret of Burgundy help with the Simnel rebellion?

A

Used money and power to raise the support of 2000 German mercenaries, led by Martin Schwartz.

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19
Q

Where did the Simnel rebels go after Burgundy?

A

Ireland

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20
Q

Which Irish noble joined the Simnel rebellion? What did the rebels do in Ireland?

A

-Gerald Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare

-Crowned Simnel as king in Dublin

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21
Q

When and where did the Simnel rebels land in England? What did they do?

A

-The North, June 1487

-Began to march South

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22
Q

Which noble did nothing to stop the Simnel rebels?

A

Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland, the same man who had watched Bosworth and did nothing.

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23
Q

How did Henry prepare for the Simnel rebellion?

A

-Ordered the coasts to be guarded

-Gradually moved northwest after hearing that the rebels planned to invade from Ireland

-By May 8th 1487, he arrived at Kenilworth castle, where he waited for the rebels to land. Once he did, he marched North and met the rebels at Stoke.

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24
Q

What happened as a result of the battle of Stoke?

A

-Crown won
-John de la Pole and Martin Schwartz were killed
-Francis Lovell disappeared
-Simnel captured

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25
What happened to Lambert Simnel after the rebellion?
Was put to work in the king's kitchens and rose through the ranks to eventually become the king's falconer.
26
List all of the nobles, both foreign and domestic, who were involved in supporting the Simnel rebellion.
-John de la Pole -Francis Lovell -Gerald Fitzgerald -Margaret of Burgundy
27
What did Henry use parliament for in November 1487?
-Passing 28 acts of attender against the 1487 rebels.
28
What were acts of attainder?
Using an act of parliament to declare someone was guilty without having to put them on trial. All estates could be confiscated under this, but it was reversible with good behaviour.
29
What was the court of Star chamber?
A flexible legal court used to hear cases that otherwise wouldn't be able to get a fair trial, for dealing with nobility and gentry when they used their power to undermine local judicial systems.
30
Who did Perkin Warbeck pretend to be?
Richard, Duke of York (younger of two princes in the tower)
31
When and where did Warbeck first make his claim to the throne?
Cork, Ireland 1491
32
Name all of the foreign supporters of Warbeck
-Charles VIII, king of France -Margaret of Burgundy -Maximillian, Holy Roman Emperor -James IV of Scotland
33
How was Warbeck received in Ireland in 1491?
Enthusiasm, but a lack of support from the Earl of Kildare, so he started writing to other European rulers in the hope of gaining support.
34
What happened to Warbeck in 1492?
Charles VIII invited him to France, where he was received as a prince. However, due to the treaty of Etaples between England and France in November, Warbeck was forced to seek support elsewhere in Burgundy.
35
What and when was the treaty of etaples?
November 1492 England and France Charles agreed to expel Warbeck in exchange for Henry recognising him as the ruler of Brittany
36
What did agents from Burgundy do in 1493-4?
Infiltrated England to try and gain support for the warbeck challenge.
37
What was Sir William Stanley's involvement in the Warbeck Challenge? What happened to him?
He tried to communicate with Warbeck in 1493, but was reported by Robert Clifford. In 1495 he was tried for treason and executed.
38
Why was Stanley's involvement in the Warbeck challenge particularly worrying for Henry?
He was Chamberlain of the King's household, and helped him win at Bosworth. Betrayal.
39
What were Warbeck's actions in July 1495?
Attempted a landing at Deal in Kent, with 300 soldiers. After failing to gain any local support, he fled to Scotland.
40
What did Warbeck do in September 1496?
Attempted to invade with 1400 soldiers. Unable to gain support in the North, retreated back to Scotland.
41
When did Warbeck invade from Scotland with 1400 men?
September 1496
42
What was Henry forced to do in 1497 to deal with Warbeck?
Raise taxation to fund an army to fight the rebellion.
43
What was the consequence of raising taxation in 1497?
Provoked a 15,000 strong rebellion in Cornwall in June 1497, against having to pay taxes to fight a war on the other side of the country.
44
What were the events and consequences of the Cornwall tax rebellion?
-Marched towards London -Henry forced to divert troops intended for defence against Warbeck to deal with the Cornish. -The two sides met in Blackheath, Kent, winning a victory over the poorly equipped rebels
45
After the Cornish tax rebellion, what happened to Warbeck?
-Left Scotland for Ireland in July 1497 due to decreasing Scottish support
46
Did Warbeck gain any support in Ireland in 1497? What did he do afterwards?
-No -Went to Cornwall, attempting to gain support against Henry due to the recent unrest that took place there.
47
When and Where did Warbeck go after his second time in Ireland?
Lands end, Cornwall, September 1497
48
What happened after Warbeck landed in Lands end?
Attracted some support, but no gentry or nobility, and then moved on Exeter.
49
What happened to the Warbeck challenge in Exeter?
Rebels were driven out by Edward, earl of Devon and then trapped by troops of Giles Daubeney, where the rebellion was crushed and Warbeck was captured.
50
What happened to Warbeck after the rebellion ended?
Was initially treated well by Henry, was seen as a puppet of more powerful people. Tried to escape in 1498, and was put in the tower. In 1499, Warbeck and the Earl of Warwick were tried for treason and executed, accused of plotting.
51
What and when was the treaty of Medina del Campo?
-1489 -Agreement than neither England or Spain would support each other's enemies, and that Arthur would marry Catherine of Aragon
52
What were bonds and recognisances?
A system of financial control to make his nobility obedient and force loyalty. Bond: Written agreement to guarantee good behaviour, agreeing to pay money if the terms of the bond were broken. Recognisance: For those who had already misbehaved. They would now have to find a guarantor who would vouch for them pay a fine if the subject of the recognisance continued to cause trouble.
53
In total, between 1485 and 1509, Henry placed __ out of __ noble families under some form of financial control.
36 out of 62
54
In total, between ____ and _____ , Henry placed 36 out of 62 noble families under some form of financial control.
1485 and 1509
55
How does the case of Thomas Grey, Marquis of Dorset, show the effectiveness of Bonds and Recognisances?
-His loyalty to Henry wasn't certain -Was told to give a £1,000 recognisance, and his friends had to be prepared to give for £10,000 -Lived under fear of bankruptcy if he broke it -Remained loyal in the 1490s, helped put down the 1497 risings in Cornwall -Recognisances cancelled in 1499
56
What does the position of Lord Deputy of Ireland mean?
English appointee who controlled Dublin and the Pale, usually a member of Anglo-Irish nobility.
57
Why did Gerald Fitzgerald support Lambert Simnel?
Because he saw it as his best chance of political survival in control of Ireland, as he was in a position of vulnerability as a Yorkist supporter. If Simnel won, Kildare would keep his hold over Ireland intact.
58
What happened to Gerald Fitzgerald (Kildare) after the Simnel uprising?
Was pardoned and asked by Henry to take out bonds to ensure good behaviour, to which Kildare refused, offering an oath of loyalty instead, to then resume his position of Deputy in Ireland.
59
Why was Gerald Fitzgerald treated lightly by Henry VII after the end of the Simnel uprising?
Henry did not have the military strength to interfere with Irish affairs, and therefore was not in a strong position against him.
60
What did Kildare do when Perkin Warbeck tried to build a rebellion in Ireland?
Nothing. He neither helped or made any attempt to stop him, showing Henry that he couldn't be trusted.
61
After Henry realised that Kildare could not be trusted at the start of Warbeck's campaign, what did he do?
Removed Kildare from his post as deputy In 1494, Henry sent Sir Edward Poynings to Ireland to enhance royal authority there and replace Kildare. Poynings ordered the arrest of Kildare, where he was then sent and imprisoned in England until 1496.
62
After dealing with Kildare, what did Poynings do to enhance control over Ireland?
Introduced Poynings' law, making it so Ireland couldn't summon parliament or pass law without the approval of the English monarch.
63
When was Kildare reappointed as deputy?
August 1496
64
How did Henry ensure Kildare's loyalty after he was reappointed?
He forced him to leave his eldest son and heir in the court of England as a form of hostage.
65
Why was Burgundy a persistent potential threat to Henry?
Due to Margaret of Burgundy, who was the sister of Richard III, who Henry Usurped the throne from.
66
How did Henry put pressure on Burgundy without the use of force?
A trade embargo to disrupt the important trade route between England and the port of Antwerp, which was under the control of the Dukes of Burgundy.
67
What and when was Intercursus Magnus?
An agreement between England and the Holy Roman Empire which meant that both sides would lift the trade embargo between them, and also the support for either sides' enemies (Warbeck for England and France for HRE) would not take place. 1496
68
Why was Intercursus Magnus Signed?
The agreement took place because the HRE needed their war effort in Italy to not be hampered by economic weakness caused by the embargo.
69
What was the Auld alliance?
An agreement between France and Scotland, ensuring that they would come to each other's aid if either one were attacked by England.
70
71
What role did Henry award Jasper Tudor in 1485?
Duke of Bedford
72
What role did Henry give Thomas Stanley in 1485?
Earl of Derby
73
What role did Henry give William Stanley in 1485?
Lord chamberlain of the royal household.
74
What role did Henry give Thomas Lovell in 1485?
Treasurer of the household.
75
What role did Henry give John Morton in 1485?
Chancellor and Archbishop of Canterbury.
76
Why was Henry awarding titles to Thomas Lovell and John Morton in 1485 particularly significant?
Because they were Yorkists.
77
How many acts of attainder did Henry use on the 1487 rebels? (Simnel)
28

History -Tudors (5 decks)

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