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36-Plant Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

involves only one parent

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2
Q

sexual reproduction

A

involves the union of two sex cells/gametes

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3
Q

gametes

A

haploid cells capable of fusion

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4
Q

receptacle-function

A

supports flowering parts

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5
Q

sepal-function

A

protect the flower when it is a bud

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6
Q

petals-function

A

brightly coloured to attract animals

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7
Q

stamen

A

male part of flower

contains thin stalk/filament which contains a vascular bundle to bring food and water up to the anther

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8
Q

anther-function

A

produces pollen grains on its inside as a result of meiosis

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9
Q

carpel

A

female parts of the flower

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10
Q

stigma

A

pollen lands on

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11
Q

style

A

pollen tube grows through style

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12
Q

fate of ovule and ovary

A

ovule: seed
ovary: fruit

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13
Q

Male gamete formation

A

cells lining inside of anther-diploid
meiosis-pollen grains containing single haploid nucleus
mitosis-male sex cells

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14
Q

structure of a pollen sac

A

each pollen sac enclosed by protective epidermis and fibrous layer
tapetum-nutrient rich layer of cells

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15
Q

pollen grain development

A

inside each pollen sac-diplod microspore mother cells
meiosis-four haploid cells (tetrad)
tetrad breaks up-4 haploid pollen grains
mitosis-two haploid nuclei in each pollen grain (tube and generative)
tube-will form pollen tube
generative-will divide by mitosis to form male gametes

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16
Q

structure of a mature pollen grain

A

thick outer wall-exine

intine-thin,inner coat

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17
Q

development of the embryo sac

A 
each ovule composed of no. of diploid cells
meiosis-single haploid cell (embryo sac)
mitosis 3 times-8 haploid nuclei
5 die
egg cell and polar nuclei
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18
Q

structure of the ovule

A

2 walls-integuments

small opening-micropyle

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19
Q

micropyle

A

small opening through which pollen tube can enter

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20
Q

formation of the embryo sac

A

megaspore mother cell (diploid) divides by meiosis-four haploid cells
3 degenerate and die off
remaining cell-embryo sac
haploid nucleus of embryo sac divides by mitosis 3 times to form eight haploid nuclei-5 die
2-polar nuclei
1-egg cell

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21
Q

pollination

A

transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of a flower from the same species

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22
Q

self pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma on the same plant

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23
Q

cross pollination

A

the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma on a different plant

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24
Q

methods of pollination

A

wind and animals

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25
adaptations of flowers to wind pollination
petals: small pollen: light anthers: loosely attached to filament stigmas: large and feathery
26
adaptations of flowers to insect pollination
petals: brightly coloured pollen: sticky anthers: firmly attached to filament stigmas: small and sticky
27
fertilisation
union of male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote
28
fertilisation
union of male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote
29
explain fertilisation in flowering plants
pollen grain lands on stigma-stimulated to grow by sugars pollen tube grows down style towards ovule-growth controlled by nucleus (degenerates) grows towards chemicals released by ovule two haploid male gamete nuclei move down through tube one sperm nucleus joins with egg nucleus-diploid zygote-will form embryo second sperm nucleus joins with two polar nuclei-triploid endosperm nucleus
30
what will the radicle develop into?
root
31
what will the plumule develop into?
shoot
32
cotyledon
seed leaf
33
non endospermic seed
no endosperm when fully formed (all endosperm absorbed by cotyledons)
34
endospermic seed
some endosperm when fully formed
35
endosperm during seed formation (role)
food store
36
seed formation
fertilised ovule becomes seed zygote grows repeatedly by mitosis-forms group of cells that give rise to embryo embryo-future root and future shoot endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly by mitosis-many endosperm cells,expand and absorb nucellus endosperm acts as food store
37
where does the energy needed for seed growth come from?
nucellus
38
where is food stored in monocots?
endosperm
39
where is food stored in dicots?
cotyledons
40
fruit
developed ovary
41
fruit formation
seed develops-surrounding ovary becomes fruit stimulated by growth regulators in seeds wall of ovary becomes wall of fruit-pericarp
42
fate of integuments
testa (seed coat)
43
testa
seed coat
44
fate of ovary wall
pericarp
45
2 ways seedless fruits are formed
genetically | growth regulators
46
dispersal
transfer of a seed or fruit away from the parent plant
47
why is dispersal necessary?
avoid large competition increase chance of survival new areas for growth increase number of species
48
types of dispersal
wind water animal self
49
wind dispersal-example
dandelions parachute devices
50
water dispersal-example
coconut trees-light air filled fruit that floats
51
2 adaptations of fruits for animal dispersal
sticky fruits e.g. buttercup | edible,fleshy fruits e.g. strawberries
52
self dispersal-example
peas
53
dormancy
resting period when seeds undergo no growth and have reduced cell activity/metabolism
54
how is dormancy brought about? (4)
growth inhibitors testa too tough lack of growth promoter
55
special conditions that may be necessary to break dormancy
soaking in water physical damage light/dark cold temperatures
56
advantages of dormancy
avoid harsh conditions gives embryo time to develop fully time for seed to be dispersed
57
germination
regrowth of the embryo,after a period of dormancy,if conditions are suitable
58
conditions necessary for germination
water-enzyme reactions oxygen-aerobic respiration suitable temperature dormancy must be complete
59
events in germination
begins when seed absorbs water-allows enzymes to be activated oils,starch and glucose broken down to component parts,which are moved to embryo used to make new structures e.g cell walls and enzymes some are used in respiration-energy formed dry weight of seed falls,weight of embryo increases radicle bursts through testa plumule emerges above ground leaves produced
60
changes in dry weight of germinating seeds
weight of seed (cotyledon) falls from day 0-9 | matched by rise in weight of embryo
61
cotyledons that remain below soil during seed growth
broad beans radicle bursts out through testa and grows down (geotropism) plumule grows up cotyledon shrivels above ground-plumule straightens and produces leaves
62
cotyledons that move above soil during seed growth
sunflower seeds cotyledons forced above soil fruit wall falls to ground cotyledons open become green and plumule emerges and forms first leaves

Biology (9 decks)

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