16-Genetic Engineering

Question 1

Genetic engineering

Answer 1

artificial manipulation/alteration of genes

Question 2

Genetically modified organism

Answer 2

organism with the altered DNA (recombinant DNA)

Question 3

Transgenic organisms

Answer 3

contains genes from other species

Question 4

Substances used in genetic engineering

Answer 4

Source of DNA-taken from organism to be placed into DNA of a second organism

Cloning vector-special kind of DNA that can accept foreign DNA and reproduce exactly itself and the foreign DNA

Restriction enzyme-cuts DNA at specific places

DNA Ligase-stick DNA molecules together (anabolic)

Question 5

Steps in genetic engineering

Answer 5

Isolation
Cutting
Ligation
Transformation
Cloning
Expression

Question 6

Isolation

Answer 6

removal of human DNA containing target gene from its chromosome and plasmid DNA from bacterium

Question 7

Cutting

Answer 7

human DNA and plasmid DNA cut using same restriction enzyme
human DNA cut into thousands of sections
plasmid cut at single site

Question 8

Ligation

Answer 8

target gene placed into DNA,plasmid joins onto it
Cut ends combine by base pairing
DNA ligase used to form strong bonds

Question 9

Transformation

Answer 9

uptake of DNA into a cell
bacteria treated (take in plasmid from surrounding solution but only a small number take in plasmid containing target gene)

Question 10

Cloning

Answer 10

identical copies of bacterium produced
bacteria containing target gene grown on nutrient medium
as bacteria reproduce,they produce copies of the plasmid with the target gene

Question 11

Expression

Answer 11

getting the organism with recombinant DNA to produce desired product (protein)

Question 12

Applications of genetic engineering

Answer 12

Plants-weed killer resistant crops
Animals-sheep produce a protein to treat emphysema
Microbes-gene for human insulin inserted into bacteria

Question 13

Ethical issues in genetic engineering

Answer 13

release of GMO’s into environment
use of GMOs as food source
animals suffering
fear that humans will be genetically modified

Question 14

cloning vector

Answer 14

special kind of DNA that accepts foreign DNA and reproduce exactly itself and the foreign DNA e.g. bacterial plasmid

Question 15

restriction enzymes

Answer 15

enzymes that cut DNA at specific places

Question 16

DNA ligase

Answer 16

enzyme used to stick DNA molecules from different sources together
anabolic