36-70 Flashcards
what is R progression?
increase of the R wave beginning at V1 to V5
T wave is usually positive in leads with tall __ waves
R
Hypertrophy refers to an increase in ___ mass. e.g. in __ and __.
muscle
hypertension
aortic stenosis
Cardiac enlargement refers to __ of a particular chamber, most often seen in __ disease.
dilation
valvular
aortic insufficiency may cause left ___ enlargement
ventricular
Mitral insufficiency may result in left ___ enlargement
atrial
Which wave should you look at in order to assess atrial enlargement?
P wave
Which complex in the ECG represent ventricular enlargement?
QRS complex
In a normal axis, leads ___ and ___ should be positive
I, aVF
nNrmal axis lies between __ and __
0-90
right axis is between __ and __
90, 180
In an ECG with right axis, lead ___ should be positive, while lead __ negative
aVF, I
left axis is between __ and __
0, -90
In an ECG with a left axis lead ___ should be positive, while lead __ is negative
I, aVF
extreme right axis deviation is between __ and __
.-90, 180
In an ECG with extreme right axis deviation, leads ___ and ___ should be negative
I, aVF
normal P wave is less than __ second in duration, and less than __ mm in deflection
- 12 (3 small cubes)
2. 5
leads __ and __ are useful to asses the P wave
II and V1
what do you call right atrial enlargement?
P pulmonale
right atrial hypertension can be seen when the P wave > ___ mm, in the ___ leads
2.5 mm
interior leads
What do you call left atrial enlargement?
P mitrale
In an ECG with a left atrial hypertension V1 should increase in duration by at least __ mm
1
In an ECG with a left atrial hypertension, lead II terminal P wave should descend by __ mm
1
__ axis deviation is associated with right ventricular ___
right axis
ventricular hypertrophy
In right ventricular hypertrophy, the R wave is larger than the S wave in lead V__
1
In right ventricular hypertrophy, lead V__ has a larger S wave than the R wave
6
what are the most common causes for right ventricular hypertrophy?
pulmonary disease, congenital heart disease
In left ventricular hypertrophy there should be an increased __ wave in the leads overlying the __ ventricle
R, left
In left ventricular hypertrophy __ wave should increase in leads overlying the right ventricle
S
In left ventricular hypertrophy, the R wave of V5 or V6 + S wave of V1 or V2 > ___ mm
35
What are the leading causes for left ventricular hypertrophy?
systemic hypertension and valvular disease
Secondary repolarization abnormalities include: downsloping ___ segment depression and T wave ___
ST
inversion
a common sign of possible arrhythmia is ___- the awareness of one’s own heartbeat
palpitation
__ and __are two symptoms that may suggest decreased cardiac output caused by arrhythmias which compromis the cardiac function
light-headiness, syncope
Arrhythmias may lead to ___ and precipitate ___ heart failure
angina
congestive
