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Biology Topic 3: Genetics > 3.5 Genetic Modification > Flashcards

3.5 Genetic Modification Flashcards

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1
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction

Copies and amplifies minute quantities of DNA

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2
Q

PCR is a way of producing…

A

Large quantities of a specifc target sequence

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3
Q

PCR is useful when

A

There is only a small sample of DNA available

Crime scene samples of blood, semen, hair

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4
Q

3 Steps of PCR

A

Denaturing

Annealing

Elongation

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5
Q

Denaturing

A

DNA sample is heated to separate it into 2 strands

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6
Q

Annealing

A

DNA primers attach to opposite ends of the target sequence

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7
Q

Elongation

A

A heat tolerant DNA copies the strand

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8
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Separate DNA fragments according to size (move in electrical field)

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9
Q

Steps of gel electrophoresis

A

-Sample of DNA is placed in block of gel

  • Electric current is applied

-Smaller samples move faster to the bottom through gel

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10
Q

Why does the DNA move towards the bottom (anode)

A

DNA is negatively charged. So moves to positive anode

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11
Q

Use of gel electrophoresis

A

DNA profiling

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12
Q

STR

A

Short Tandem Repeats. In non-coding regions. What makes individuals unique

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13
Q

How are profiles collected to be compared

A

STR are cut with restriction endonucleases. Form fragments

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14
Q

Process of DNA profiling

The steps starting from collectig the DNA

A

Collected and amplified usinh PCR

Cut with restriction enzymes to generate fragments

Fragments are separated in gel

DNA is then analyzed

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15
Q

2 applications of DNA PROFILING

A

Paternity Tests

Foresic investigations

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16
Q

Human Genome Project

A

International project established to sequence the 3 billion base pairs (25,000 genes) in the human genome

17
Q

Outcomes of the HGP

A

Mapping

Screening

Medicine

Ancestry

18
Q

Mapping

A

Know the number, location, and base sequence of

19
Q

Screening

A

Detect sufferers carriers of genetic disease conditions

20
Q

Medicine

A

Develop improved treatments

21
Q

Ancestry

A

Improved insight on the origins, evolution, and historical migratory patterns of humqns

22
Q

The same sequence of polypeptide means

A

Genetic code is universal

23
Q

Gene transfer steps

A

DNA Extraction

Digestion and Ligation

Transfection and Expression

24
Q

DNA Extraction

A

Plasmid is removed from bacterial cell

Gene of interest is removed from organisms genome using restriction enzymes

Both are amplified using PCR

25
Q

Plasmids

A

Small circular DNA molecules

26
Q

Digestion and Ligation

A

Plasmid is cut with same restriction enzyme

Cutting allows for the 2 DNA’s to fit together

Gene of interest and plasmid are spliced together by DNA ligase

27
Q

Recombinant plasmid

A

When DNA ligase splices plasmid and gene together

28
Q

Transfection and Expression

A

The recombinant plasmid is inserted into the desired host cell

The cell will hopefully express the desired trait

29
Q

2 examples of GMO crops

A

Tomatoes. Delying the natural process of softening the fruit

Maize crops. Toxic plants protected from insects

30
Q

2 examples of GMO animals

A

Sheep to produce more wool

Sheep to produce milk used to treat individuals suffering from hereditary emphysema

31
Q

Benefits of GMO

A

Less use of chemical pesticides

Makes crops grow in other regions (reduces deforestation)

Increased productivity of food production

32
Q

Harm of GMO

A

Accidental release of GMO organisms into environment mught compete with native species

Reduces genetic variability

33
Q

Clone

A

Group of identically identical organisms or cells from single parent

34
Q

SCNT

A

Somatic Cell Nuclear Tranfer

Method of reproductive cloning using differentiated animal cells

35
Q

Steps of SCNT

A

1) Female animal is stimulated with FSH to produce eggs

2) Nucleus is removed

3) Egg is fused with nucleus from somatic cell of another sheep

4) Electric shock stimulates egg to divide

5) Now you have a clone

36
Q

Value for cloning

A

Can cure serious diseases with cell therapy

Stem cells can used from undeveloped embryos (abortions)

Cells are taken from when embryo feels no pain

37
Q

Against cloning

A

Creation and destruction of human embryo

Embryonic cells can cause tumors

Costly

Biology Topic 3: Genetics (5 decks)

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