3.4.3. ANATOMY LAB Female Anatomy

Question 1

Retropubic space (of Retzius)

Answer 1

Retropubic space is the extraperitoneal space between the pubic symphysis and urinary bladder.

Question 2

How can we use the retropubic space in surgery?

Answer 2

This avascular (without blood vessels) space permits a relatively quick and bloodless surgical access to the bladder for drainage of urine (for example, if the normal urethra has been damaged and cannot be used to drain the urine)

Question 3

Rectouterine pouch (cul-de-sac) of Douglas

Answer 3

the extension of the peritoneal cavity between the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus in the female human body.

Question 4

Two most prone areas to infection

Answer 4

Rectouterine pouch (cul-de-sac) of Douglas Rectovesical pouch

Question 5

Culdocentesis

Answer 5

Culdocentesis - Remove the fluid accumulated in the pouch of Douglas

Question 6

Vesicouterine pouch

Answer 6

is a second, but shallower, pouch formed from the peritoneum over the uterus and bladder, continued over the intestinal surface and fundus of the uterus onto its vesical surface, which it covers as far as the junction of the body and cervix uteri, and then to the bladder.

Question 7

Also termed Dunn’s pouch, this is an important anatomical landmark for chronic endometriosis

Answer 7

Vesicouterine pouch

Question 8

Rectovesical pouch

Answer 8

Between the rectum and the bladder the peritoneal cavity forms, in the male, a pouch, the rectovesical excavation (‘rectovesical pouch), the bottom of which is slightly below the level of the upper ends of the seminal vesicles—i. e., about 7.5 cm. from the orifice of the anus.

Question 9

A membranous partition called the ____ ____ is located at the lowest part of the rectovesical pouch

Answer 9

A membranous partition called the Rectoprostatic fascia (Denonvillier’s fascia) is located at the lowest part of the rectovesical pouch

Question 13

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 13

A pregnancy in which the baby and placenta are located and develop outside of the uterus

Question 14

What is an ectopic tubal pregnancy?

Answer 14

Pregnancy in the fallopian tube

Question 15

Bicornuate uterus

Answer 15

A bicornuate uterus or bicornate uterus, commonly referred to as a “heart-shaped” uterus, is a uterus composed of two “horns” separated by a septum. In humans, a bicornuate uterus is a type of uterine malformation, but in some other mammalian species, including rodents and pigs, it is normal.

Question 16

Layers of the uterus

Answer 16

Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

Question 17

Layer of the uterus that cycles during menstruation

Answer 17

Endometrium

Question 18

Discuss Anteversion and anteflexion

Answer 18

Normally the uterus lies in anteversion & anteflexion. In most women, the long axis of the uterus is bent forward on the long axis of the vagina. This position is referred to as anteversion of the uterus.

Furthermore, the long axis of the body of the uterus is bent forward at the level of the internal os with the long axis of the cervix. This position is termed anteflexion of the uterus.

Question 19

Discuss retroverted uterus

Answer 19

About one quarter of women have a retroverted uterus. This means the uterus is tipped backwards so that its fundus is aimed toward the rectum.

Question 20

This type of uterus increases the chance of having a prolapse

Answer 20

Retroverted uterus

Question 21

What is a uterine prolapse

Answer 21

Uterine prolapse is a protrusion of the uterus into the vagina

Question 22

What is a vaginal fistula and how does it arise?

Answer 22

A vaginal fistula starts with some kind of tissue damage. After days to years of tissue breakdown, a fistula opens up.

A fistula is a passage or hole that has formed between:Two organs in your body or an organ in your body and your skin.

Question 23

Epiosotomy

Answer 23

Episiotomy - An episiotomy is a surgical cut in the muscular area between the vagina and the anus (the area called the perineum) made just before delivery to enlarge your vaginal opening

Question 27

Within the cardinal ligaments are the ____ ____. There are also important lymph nodes here, which can not be palpated unless ______________.

Answer 27

Within the cardinal ligaments are the uterine arteries. There are also important lymph nodes here, which can not be palpated unless there is cancer

Question 28

Describe what happens to the uterus with aging

Answer 28

Uterus with aging - With aging, there is a decrease in the amount of muscle and connective tissue, including that in muscles, ligaments, and other tissues that support the bladder, uterus, vagina, and rectum. As a result, the affected organs may sag or drop down (prolapse), sometimes causing a feeling of pelvic pressure or fullness, difficulty urinating, loss of control of urination or bowel movements (incontinence), or pain during sexual intercourse.

Question 29

Ureters pass beneath the ______ _____ and the _____ _____.

Answer 29

Ureters pass beneath the uterine arteries and veins

Question 30

The ____ ____ ____ supplies proper blood flow to the vagina, uterine tube, uterus, uterine ligaments, and the ovaries

Answer 30

The Uterine artery plexus supplies proper blood flow to the vagina, uterine tube, uterus, uterine ligaments, and the ovaries

Question 31

Trace the uterine artery

Answer 31

The uterine artery connects to the internal iliac artery at the top. It moves down along the uterus, moving across the ureter anteriorly. The artery then wraps around the cardinal ligament, or main ligament of the uterus, and ends at the uterus itself.

Question 32

Parametrium

Answer 32

The parametrium is a band of tissue, dividing the bladder from the cervix and the artery moves through this area.

Question 33

Pap Smear

Answer 33

Pap Smear - A Pap smear, also called a Pap test, is a procedure to test for cervical cancer in women. A Pap smear involves collecting cells from your cervix — the lower, narrow end of your uterus that’s at the top of your vagina

Question 34

Hysterectomy vs. Vaginal hysterectomy?

Answer 34

Hysterectomy - Removing the uterus

Vaginal hysterectomy - remove the uterus through the vagina

Question 35

Pudendal Block

Answer 35

Pudendal block - The pudendal block gets its name because a local anesthetic such as, lidocaine or chloroprocaine, is injected into the pudendal canal where the pudendal nerve is located. This allows quick pain relief to the perineum, vulva, and vagina. A pudendal block is usually given in the second stage of labor just before delivery of the baby.

Question 36

Discuss the differences between the male and female urethra

Answer 36

The female urethra is much shorter than the male counterpart, and its opening is situated between a woman’s clitoris and vagina.

Question 37

Why are women more prone to infection?

Answer 37

Prone to infections because women have a shorter urethra than men do, which cuts down on the distance that bacteria must travel to reach a woman’s bladder.

Question 42

Ischio cavernosus action and innervation

Answer 42

Action - Assist the bulbospongiosus

Innervation - pudendal nerve

Question 43

Bulbospongiosus action and innervation

Answer 43

Action - Clenches vagina

Nerve - Pudendal

Question 44

Internal pudendal artery supplies what

Answer 44

Internal pudendal artery - Branches to the clitoris and labia

Question 45

What does the ilioinguinal nerve supply?

Answer 45

Ilioinguinal nerve - Skin over the root of the penis and upper part of the scrotum (male), skin covering the mons pubis and labium majus (female)

Question 46

Genitofemoral nerve - Innervates what?

Answer 46

Genitofemoral nerve - Innervates cremaster muscle