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Biology 4 - Genetic Information, Variation + Relationships Between Organisms > 3.4.2 DNA + Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

3.4.2 DNA + Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 processes

A

Transcription

Translation

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2
Q

How do proteins form

A

In a condensation reaction

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3
Q

What 4 structures can proteins take

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

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4
Q

Proteins are very important biological molecules

What can they be e.g

A

Enzymes,pigments,structural molecules e.g collagen,transport molecules etc

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5
Q

What are proteins made up of

A

Many amino acids held together by peptide bonds

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6
Q

What codes for each amino acids

A

3 bases (a triplet)

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7
Q

How many amino acids are there

A

20

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8
Q

Why do most amino acids have more than 1 triplet code

A

As the triplet code is degenerate

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9
Q

What does DNA provide the instructions for

A

Building amino acids into a long sequence of nucleotides

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10
Q

What form is a complementary section of part of the nucleotide sequence in DNA made in (in transcription)

A

pre-mRNA

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11
Q

What happens to pre-mRNA after transcription

A

It gets spliced

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12
Q

What is mRNA used as in translation

A

A template to which tRNA molecules attach + the amino acid it carries is linked to form a polypeptide

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13
Q

What exposes the nucleotides at the start of transcription

A

DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between DNA bases separating the 2 strands

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14
Q

In transcription, what moves along one of the exposed strands (template strand)
What happens

A

RNA polymerase

Causes nucleotides to join with individual complementary nucleotides from the ‘pool’ in the nucleus

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15
Q

What are the 2 exposed strands called in transcription

A

Template strand

Copy strand

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16
Q

Why is the other exposed strand called the copy strand

A

As the pre-mRNA that forms is a copy of this strand

17
Q

What joins with A,G,C+T on a template strand

A

A - U
G - C
C - G
T - A

18
Q

What builds up pre-mRNA in transcription

A

RNA polymerase adding the nucleotides one at a time

19
Q

Why are only about 12 bases pairs exposed at one time in transcription

A

As the DNA strands rejoin behind it

20
Q

When is the pre-mRNA molecule complete

A

When RNA polymerase reaches a stop codon in DNA and detatches

21
Q

What 2 sections is DNA made up of

A

Exons - code for protein

Introns - dont

22
Q

What’s splicing

A

The removal of introns so they don’t interfere with protein synthesis + the joining of exons

23
Q

What is made following splicing

A

mRNA

24
Q

How does mRNA leave the nucleus

What’s it attracted to where translation will occur

A

Leaves nucleus via nuclear pore

Attracted to ribosomes for translation

25
Q

How can a gene code for up to a dozen different proteins

A

As exons sections can be rejoined in different combinations

26
Q

What can affect pre-mRNA splicing

E.g

A

Mutations

E.g Alzheimer’s is due to splicing failures forming non-functional polypeptides

27
Q

What is translated into an amino acid sequence maki up a polypeptide
Where does this take place

A 
The codons (triplets) on mRNA
On ribosomes
28
Q

how does translation occur

A

Ribosomes become attached to the start codon (AUG) at one end of the mRNA molecule
Then the tRNA molecule with the complementary anti-codon sequence (UAC) moves to the ribosome + pairs up with the mRNA

29
Q

What does the tRNA carry in translation

A

An amino acid e.g methionine

30
Q

What happens once 1 tRNA molecule pairs up with the mRNA

A

Another tRNA molecule with a complimentary anti-codon pairs with the next codon on mRNA
The ribosomes move along mRNA, bringing the 2 tRNA molecules together

31
Q

When does translation stop

A

Until the polypeptide chain is complete (meets a stop codon)

32
Q

How fast is translation

A

Rapid- about 15 amino acids can be joined each second

33
Q

What’s a proteins primary structure like

A

Single stranded polypeptide chain

34
Q

How can a protein form it’s secondary structure

A

Polypeptide chain may coil/pleat

35
Q

How can a protein form it’s tertiary structure

A

Secondary structure fold

36
Q

Where does the protein go after translation

A

Passes into ER for transportation
Then passed from RER to the Golgi inside vesicles
Golgi packages protein in a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane and releases the protein from the cell

Biology 4 - Genetic Information, Variation + Relationships Between Organisms (6 decks)

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