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IB ESS > 3.4 Conservation of biodiversity > Flashcards

3.4 Conservation of biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

What are some “ethical” reasons for preserving species and habitats?

A
  • Intrinsic - the right to live
  • Human rights (indigenous tribes)
  • Protect environment for future generations
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2
Q

What are some “aesthetic” reasons for preserving species and habitats?

A
  • Some animals are important to specific cultures (peacock in India)
  • Inspiration in art, literature, music…
  • Beauty (subjective)
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3
Q

What are some “economic” reasons for preserving species and habitats?

A
  • Many plant species are important in the production of medicine (25% of all medicine used currently is derived from plants)
  • Plants can be useful in medical research and development of new medicine
  • Provides eco-tourism opportunities (provides employment… can return as much as 95% of earnings into local economy)
  • Amazon rainforest is the largest producer of natural rubber in the world
  • Carbon sink - reduce the rate of global warming –> Global warming has huge global economic costs, so preserving could help reduce those
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4
Q

What are some “ecological” reasons for preserving species and habitats?

A
  • High diversity leads to stability
  • Loss of species diversity can have impact on food chain
  • Can provide a more diverse planet for future populations
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5
Q

What are some “social” reasons for preserving species and habitats?

A
  • Loss of natural ecosystem causes loss of peoples homes
  • Important cultural aspects
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6
Q

What are some “social” reasons for preserving species and habitats?

A
  • Loss of natural ecosystem causes loss of peoples homes
  • Important cultural aspects
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7
Q

What is an “NGO”?

A

Organisations that are not run nor funded or influenced by governments. Usually not for profit and funded by donations and subscriptions.

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8
Q

What is an “Intergovernmental Organisation”?

A

Bodies established through international agreements to protect the environment and bring together governments to work together internationally.

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9
Q

What is a “Governmental Organisation”?

A

Part of or funded by a national government. They carry out research, regulation, monitoring and control activities - can be VERY bureaucratic.

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10
Q

Give an example of an intergovernmental organisation:

A

UNEP = United Nations Environment Programme

  • Branch of the UN founded in 1972
  • Compromised of 58 countries
  • Works with governments to promote environmentally sound development
  • Involved in data collection, providing expertise and monitoring programmes
  • Inputs to policies e.g. CITES 1975 and Convention on Biological Diversity 1992
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11
Q

What are some differences between IGO and NGO’s in terms of “use of media”?

A

IGO = controls media

NGO = gains media attention by using footage of variety of protest activities

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12
Q

What are some differences between IGO and NGO’s in terms of “speed of response”?

A

IGO = bureaucratic, takes time (different views..)

NGO = often rapid, members usually have the same views hence why the joined the organisation

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13
Q

What are some differences between IGO and NGO’s in terms of “political pressures”?

A

IGO = decision making is driven by politics rather than the best strategy for conservation

NGO = unaffected by politics

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14
Q

What are some differences between IGO and NGO’s in terms of “enforceability”?

A

IGO = international agreements and laws can lead to prosecution

NGO = no power to enforce laws, have to persuade the public opinion to influence governments

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15
Q

What is the COP 15 and when did it take place?

A

Council of parties,
December 2022 governments from around the world met in Montreal, Canada, to set new goals to guide global action through 2030

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16
Q

What are some major threats to biodiversity? (COP 15)

A
  • hunting
  • mining
  • logging
  • climate change
  • pollution
  • invasive species
17
Q

What’s happened to our biodiversity? (COP 15)

A
  • 65% of land surface has been significantly altered
  • +85% of wetland areas have been lost
  • Rapid declines in insect populations globally
18
Q

What has been agreed at COP 15?

A
  • 30% of land and 30% of oceans will be protected by 2030
  • restore 30% of degraded lands
  • 23 environmental targets
  • Ensure big businesses disclose biodiversity risks
19
Q

What are common characteristics of successful protected areas?

A
  • All currently partially or completely funded and ran by governments
  • Education programs to inform local people
  • Attract many visitors (numbers are controlled)
  • Management programmers are actively looked after
  • Contains high profile animals (bengal tigers.. giant pandas.. black bears..)
20
Q

What is a “flagship” species?

A

These are instantly recognisable, charismatic, popular and can capture the imagination of the public.

21
Q

What is an “umbrella” species?

A

These are species that if conserved, it leads to the conservation of other species in the habitat.

22
Q

What is a “Keystone” species?

A

These are species that are vital for the continuing functioning of the ecosystem. Without them it may collapse. Some species have a bigger impact on their environment than others. They behave like the keystone in an arch, holding it together.

23
Q

What are the two approaches to conservation?

A
  • Habitat based approach
  • Species based approach
24
Q

What is the difference between habitat-based and species-based conservation approaches?

A

Species based focuses on a single species, whereas habitat based focuses on protecting the entire ecosystem rather than a single species found within it

25
Q

What are some strengths of a “species-based” approach?

A
  • Simpler to focus on one species at a time
  • Tends to focus on high profile species with high aesthetic value, especially by the media
  • Easier to focus on one species for research
  • Focuses on genetic and species diversity
  • Easier to involve people in identification and protection of attractive species
26
Q

What are some weaknesses of a “species-based” approach?

A
  • Not ecologically sound - species do not exist in isolation
  • Only focuses on endangered attractive species. Media does not work with obscure or aesthetically unappealing species
  • Research needs context of the whole environment/ niche
  • Ignores community and ecosystem biodiversity
  • Led by public opinion not ecological value

IB ESS (44 decks)

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