3.4 Flashcards
rococo
- 18th and 17th
- affected decoration and architecture
- VIP: : Antoine Watteau ( Pilgrimage to Cythera and Return from Cythera)
- stressed grace and gentle action
- liked curves
- highly secular
baroque period
- stressed majesty, power and movement
- liked geometrical patterns
Baroque-Rococo
- as other people copied Versailles they modeled it after the Italian Baroque instead of French classical style
- 18th
- VIP: Balthasar Neumann ( pilgrimage church of Vierzehnheiligen and bishop’s palace/ Residenz)
Neoclassicism
- 18th and french
- key figure were depicted as classical heroes
- works showed classical virtues of self-sacrifice and devotion to state
- liked the simplicity, restraint, and symmetry of classical style of greece and rome
- VIP: Jacques-Louis David (oath of horatii)
Music in the 17th and 18th century
opera, oratorio, sonata, concerto, symphony
- musicians depended on rich person or patron
- Italy and Germany were leaders
- VIP: Bach and Handel
Johann Sebastian Bach
- German, with a quiet local life
- work: Saint matthew’s passion and cantatas and motets
- saw music as a means to worship God
Handel
- German
- wrote music for large public audiences
- was secular
- wrote operas
- well known for religious music; Messiah
Classical Era of Music
- musical center changed to Austrian Empire
- VIP: Haydn and Mozart
Haydn
- wrote for hungarian princes then went to england and saw that they were writing for public courts
- prolific
- austrian
Mozart
- child prodigy
- prolific
- composed with melody, grace, precision and emotion
The Novel
-8th century
-came from 16th century, medieval times
used for fictional writings
-VIP: Samuel Richardson and Henry Fielding
Samuel Richardson
his book (Pamela or Virtue Rewarded) got his a large audience because he appealed to the growing interest of sensibility and sentiment and emotional
Henry Fielding
- in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, he showed the real English society and emphasized action rather than inner feeling
- he was teaching a moral lesson through the hypocrisy of his age
writings of history by philosophes
- because of secular orientation, they eliminated the role of God in history and looked for actual causes
- paid attention to economic, social, intellectual, cultural, political developments
- weakness was that they wanted to change society and used history to do this
- VIP: Edward Gibbon
writing by humanists
- did not remove God with the same intensity as philosophes
- emphasized politics
Edward Gibbon
- book: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
- believed the growth of Christianity caused Rome’s fall
High Culture
- literary and artistic world of educated and wealthy ruling classes
- work of wealthy literate group
Expansion of reading public and publishing
- books were aimed at educated elites and middle class
- publishing houses made it possible for authors make money from their works instead of going to patrons
- 18th century
- the development of magazines for the general public, like the Spectator, were important
- daily newspapers were cheap and sometimes free
- public libraries offered books for rent
Criticizing Universities
- did not like how they emphasized the classics and aristotelian philosophy
- in the end, they brought in these new ideas and clinical experience
- few scientific discoveries happened in universities
Crime and Punishment
- they tortured people to obtain evidence and was part of the trial
- public executions and punishments were meant to scare potential offenders
- at the end, they changed from corporal and capital punishment to imprisonment where they worked
Cesare Beccaria
- thoughts punishments should be deterrents and not an exercise in brutality
- thought imprisonment instead of punishment made a most lasting impression
medicine during the 18th century
- physicians had clinical practice in universe and needed to be a license
- surgeons were to bleed patients which was seen as beneficial and perform surgery
- surgeons examined patients like physicians, and began to be licensed
- apothecaries, midwives, and faith healers provide herbs and potions
- apothecaries sold and diagnose illness independently
- midwives became guys
- hospitals were a problem in dealing with disease and illness
medicine during the middle ages
- physicians have no clinical practice
- surgeons also bled patients and performed operations and set in broken bones and were one an equal level with physicians because of their practical knowledge
- midwives delivered babies
- apothecaries prescribed drugs
- faith healing
Popular Culture
-written and unwritten knowledge of the masses which was mostly passed down orally
had group activity, and was collective and public nature
-included carnivals, taverns and alcohol, and chapbooks
-the rich gradually abandon popular culture and through a new scientific outlook saw the world differently and thought the things of popular culture were dumb dumb and were the weakest judgment and reason
Carnival
- happened weeks before Lent
- time of great indulgence of food, sex, and verbal aggression because during lent, this was not allowed
Taverns and alcohol
places for people to gather and talk and drink
the poor drank gin (england) and vodka (russia)
the rich drank port and brandy
Chapbooks
- short brochures sold by traveling people to the lower class
- showed that popular culture did not remain oral
Spread of Literacy in the Popular Culture
-literacy rate grew
the upper class were mostly literate
-as more people were lower middle class artisans, -the literacy of artisans increased
-spread of literacy was because of primary education, but the schools didn’t teach or accomplish much
Primary Education
- spread of literacy was because of primary education (catholic europe: local, habsburg: state, but both didn’t do that great)
- protestants take an interest in primary education because of emphasis on reading bible
- because the ruling elites didn’t want the poor to question and not obey their superiors, they hindered the primary education
Institutional (catholic and protestant) churches
- the churches did experience much change even though there were new state policies
- the parish was the center of religious practice
Protestant Church
- created the principle of state control over churches
- 18th, they spread all over europe
Catholic Church
- had power in Catholic european states and were wealthy
- hierarchically structured
- the upper class clergy were members of upper class, which is a sign of the gap between upper class and lower clergy
- 18th century there was a decline of papal power
“Nationalization” and Jesuits
- the governments of catholic states wanted more authority over the churches and wanted to control the papacy which would mean then the Jesuits
- the jesuits were successful and have political influence as advisers to catholic rulers and got some enemies
- the jesuits were kicked out of paraguay, portugal, france and spain
- pope clement XIV then broke up the Jesuits which was a victory for the state governments
Religion Toleration
- 17th century: they tolerated religion for politics, but some found it hard to do (louis XIV, burning of heretics)
- Joseph II of Austria called for the Toleration Patent that made all subjects equal and gave jewish people some freedom, but still had restrictions
- 18th: some thinkers accepted jews, but still said bad things about them
Ashkenazic Jews
largest population in eastern europe and tolerated in Poland
had laws and restraints and were massacred
Sephardic Jews
- came from Spain and into cities
- able to participate in banking and commercial activities, but were still insecure because of their religion
Catholic Reverence/ Piety
- despite the rise of skepticism and deism, the parish was still an important center and people went to mass
- still, people continued to do an externalized form of worship and were “more superstitious than devout”
Protestant Revivalism
- 16th century: protestantism bloomed
- 17th: controlled by state authorities and became organized
- because protestant religion didn’t give any spiritual experience, Wesley and deism became strong
- because Protestants wanted a deeper personal devotion to God and influence rationalism and deism they had pietism
Pietism
- because Protestants in Germany wanted a deeper personal devotion to God and influence rationalism and deism they had pietism
- to Count Nikolaus von Zinzendorf and Moravian Brethren, it is the mystical dimensions/ personal experience of God that constituted true religious experiences instead of using reason/ a rationalistic approach
Wesley
- because of his experience with God taking away his sins, wesley said everyone could be saved by experiencing God and opening the door to his grace
- received opposition from the Anglican Church
- tried to “lower religion to the level of the lowest people’s capacities”
- founder of Methodism
secondary schools
- because they were aimed for higher class, they wanted to keep people in their own social class
- focused on greek and latin
- focused less on math, science, and modern languages
new schools
- came from compliaments from philosophe-reformers and middle class people
- offered courses to prepare boys for careers in business
- new schools for wealthy girls
