3.1

Question 1

Medieval scientists/ Natural philosophers

Answer 1

• It was appropriate to study the world because it was God’s handiwork
• Limitations: 1. strict theological framework 2. unquestioning reliance on few ancient authorities
• Liked Logic analysis instead of systematic / method analysis
• Liked Aristotle, Galen, Ptolemy in Latin

Question 2

Renaissance humanists

Answer 2

• Mastered Greek and made more works available
• Able to see that unquestioned authorities of MA had been contradicted by other thinkers
• because they wanted to see who is correct, they created new works

Question 3

Renaissance artists

Answer 3

• Because they wanted to imitate nature, they relied on close observation
• Scientific study of problems of perspective and correct anatomical proportions led to new insights
• Called on to be practicing mathematicians

Question 4

Technological Innovations

Answer 4

• Technical problems and more books dedicated to technology stimulate scientific avidity and embracing belief that innovation in techniques was necessary.
• but this was difficult to do because middle popel liked practical instead of academic learning
• Then new inventions made scientific discover possible and had more theoretical knowledge
• Printing press helped spread ideas quickly

Question 5

Mathematics during the Renaissance

Answer 5

• In Rneaissace, Mathematicus was still seen as the key to understanding the nature of things
• Because of rediscovery of works in Renaissance (16th and 17th) and Plato, mathematics was promoted
• Mathematics was seen as promoting a degree of certainty that was otherwise impossible

Question 6

Hermetic magic

Answer 6

• Became fused with alchemical thought
• Believed humans could use mathematical magic to understand and dominate the world of nature or employ the powers of nature for beneficial purposes
• People associated with revolution in cosmology interested in Hermetic ideas

Question 7

additional origin to the scentitic revolution

Answer 7

work of intellectuals

Question 8

Ptolemy and Aristotle

Answer 8

• Later Middle Ages: Ptolemy and Christian theology were emphasized
• Geocentric conception
• New search to determine precise paths of heavenly bodies

Question 9

Ptolemy and Aristotle

New search to determine precise paths of heavenly bodies

Answer 9

• Because observations did not correspond to their expectations , they developed elaborate system of devices
• Epicycles: concentric spheres within spheres that could corresond to their observations and aritotles idea of circular planetary movement

Question 10

Geocentric conception

Answer 10

• concentric spheres are fixed on the motionless earth
• Earth is made up of material substance and motionless
• spheres are made of crystalline, transparent substances
• Heavenly Bodies are perfect kind of motion and move around the earth
• 10 spheres
• Empyrean Heaven is the location of God and saved souls and beyond the tenth sphere
• Ptolemaic universe had boundaries
• God and saved souls are at one end and human are at the center and are to achieve salvation

Question 11

Copernicus

Answer 11

• Book: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
• Polish
• His ideas were based on logic, not direct observation
• Thought Ptolemy’s geocentric system was too complicated
• Was conservative
• The church attacked his ideas

Question 12

copernicus’s ideas were conservative because

Answer 12

• Did not reject Aristotle principle of heavenly spheres moving in circular orbitals
• Made a system more simply but still complicated
• Thought the motion of planets was steady and unchanging

Question 13

copernicus’s ideas were attacked by the church because

Answer 13

• threatened Scripture
• heavens no longer a spiritual world but a world of matter
• humans are not at the center
• God was not a specific place

Question 14

Change from Earth-centered to Sun-centered

Answer 14

• Created uncertainty about human role in universe and God’s location
• Protestant Reformers attacked these ideas, but Catholic Church kept its mouth shut until galieo and others like copernius’s ideas

Question 15

Brahe

Answer 15

• Danish
• Uraniborg Castle: library, observatories, instruments he designed
• Made observations of stars and planets that led him to reject Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system and Copernicus’s suggestion that earth moved

Question 16

Kepler

Answer 16

• Continued Brahe work of recording movement of known planets
• Interested in Hermetic mathnical magic
• Three laws of motion

Question 17

kepler’s beliefs

Answer 17

• the universe was construed on basis of geometric figures

- there is a relationship between the planets and the soul

Question 18

Three Laws of Planetary motion:

Answer 18

• confirmed Copernicus’s heliocentric theory and modified it
• Eliminate idea of uniform circular motion and crystalline spheres revolving in circular orbits
• # 1: The planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits and the sun is at the center
• # 2: Planets move more rapidly as their orbits approach sun
• # 3: The time a planet takes to orbit the sun varies proportionately with its distance from the sun (larger orbits = slower average velocity than those with smaller orbits)

Question 19

Galileo

Answer 19

• used the telescope
• Book #1: The Starry Messenger
• In Rome he was praised and seen as a conquering hero

-made contributions to the problem of motion

Question 20

Galileo’s discoveries with the telescope

Answer 20

-created his own Flemish lens grinder that magnified objects seen at a distance
-Made the discovery that the universe is made of material substance similar to that of the earth but not a perfect or unchanging substance
-discoveries provided support for heliocentric view
Because he said he was a support of 1. Copernicus’s heliocentric system in The Starry Messenger and 2. Roman Inquisition condemned Copernicium, they ordered him to saw that copernicus was not a fact but a mathematical supposition
-Book #2: Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican
-During his second time at the Inquisition because of Dialogue, he was under house arrest
-His condemnation by Inquisition caused Italian leadership in science to go to northern countries
-made contributions to the problem of motion

Question 21

the effect of Galileo’s book: the starry Messenger

Answer 21

did more to make europeans aware of the new picture of the universe than mathematical theories of copernius and kepler

Question 22

Galileo’s book: Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican

Answer 22

• written in Italian which made it more widely available to public
• took form of dialogue among Simplicio, Sagredo and Salviati
• seen as a defense of Copernican system

Question 23

galileo’s contributions to the problem of motion

Answer 23

• showed that if force was applied to an object it would move at an accelerated speed
• his principle of inertia stated that a body in motion continues in motion forever unless deflected by an external force

Question 24

Aristotelian Conception

Answer 24

-Dominated in late medieval world
When an object has force applied on it, it moves at a constant rate
-this raised a problem in projectile thrown out of a cannon and Copernican system which caused people asked what constant force kept heavy earth and other planets in motion

Question 25

Newton

Answer 25

• After returning from Cambridge and in Woolsthorpe, he invented a bunch of stuff
• Was royal mint and chair in mathematics at Cambridge university and president of royal society and knighted
• Book: Principia
• Interested in the magic world and saw, but didn’t show that he was a representative of hermetic tradition
• created the newtonian universe
• Showed through the universal law of gravitation that one universal law could explain all motion in the universe

Question 26

Newton’s book Principia

Answer 26

-written in Latin
-Pieced together a coherent synthesis for new cosmology of the theories of Copernicus, Kepler (law of planetary motion), and Galileo (laws of inertia and falling bodies) and his own
-in The first book of principia, he -created three laws of motion
-in the third book he said The three laws of motion govern the planetary bodies and terrestrial objects
and described the unverisal law of graviation

Question 27

Newtonian Universe

Answer 27

• governed by universal laws
• is a vast machine/ world-machine
• created by God and was the force that moved all bodies on the basis of universal laws
• this idea dominated western thought until einstein in 19th century

Question 28

Universal Law of Gravitation

Answer 28

• every object in the universe is attract to every other object with gravity that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distances between them
• explained by the planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun

Question 29

heliocentric/ earth centered idea of copernicus

Answer 29

• 8 spheres
• earth moved around the sun that is motionless
• instead of the sun and fixed stars moving around the earth, it is the earth moving daily on its axis

Question 30

newton’s three laws of planetary motion

Answer 30

1. every object continues in a state of rest or unifrm motion in a straight lin eunelss deflected by a force, 2. the rate of change of motion of an object is proportional to the force acting on it
2. to every action htere is always an equal and opposite reaction