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Neuro Mod 3 > 3.4 > Flashcards

3.4 Flashcards

1
Q

Extraocular muscles

A
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2
Q

Extraocular adduction muscles

A

Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior rectus

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3
Q

Extraocular abduction muscles

A

Inferior oblique
Lateral rectus
Superior oblique

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4
Q

Extraocular muscle innervation

A

CN III (oculomotor)
EXCEPT
- lateral rectus: CN VI
- superior oblique: CN IV

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5
Q

Trochlear nerve palsy

A

CN IV: superomedial deviation

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6
Q

Abducens nerve palsy

A

CN VI: medial deviation

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7
Q

Oculomotor nerve palsy

A

CN III: ptosis and deviation
- down and out

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8
Q

Nerve of vision

A

CN II (optic)

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9
Q

Sensation and lacrimation innervation

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

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10
Q

3 layers of the eyeball

A
  1. Fibrous:
    * sclera
    - provides shape and resistance
    - tough and opaque
    * cornea
    - transparent
  2. Vascular: Uvea
    * choroid - lines most of the sclera
    * ciliary body - provides attachment and control for lend
    * iris - contractile diaphragm
    * sphincter pupillae - circular fibers - parasympathetic control –> constriction
    * dilator pupillae - radial fibers - sympathetic control –> dilation
  3. Inner
    * retina
    - optic part: light sensitive
    - nonvisual retina: no light sensitvity
    - optic disc: optic nerve and vessels enter the eye, blind spot
    - macula of the retina: visual acuity; fovea centralis
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11
Q

Path of light

A
  1. Cornea: clear extension of the sclera
  2. Anterior chamber: filled with watery fluid
  3. Pupil: dilates and constricts
  4. Lens: accommodates distances of image
  5. Vitreous humor: gel, provides support
  6. Retina: where light is transduced
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12
Q

The photoreceptor cells are embedded in what layer of the retina?

A

pigmented layer

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13
Q

Rods and cones

A

Rods: activated by low intensity light; one type
Cones: activated by high intensity light; three types
- lack of cones = color blindness

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14
Q

Colorblindness

A

Cones are sensitive to only one range of light
- red - blue - yellow-green
Red-green deficiency: most common
Blue-yellow deficiency: more rare

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15
Q

What happens after light enters the eyeball and travels through the lens to the retina?

A

Light stimulates the photoreceptors.
First order neurons transmit signals to second order neurons.

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16
Q

Photoreceptors

A

light energy transduced into electrical energy

17
Q

1st order neurons

A

bipolar cells

18
Q

2nd order neurons

A

ganglion cells which form the optic nerve
- alpha
- beta

19
Q

Light stimulates a sensory signal which travels the following path:

A

optic nerve
optic chiasm
optic tract
LGN of thalamus
Optic radiations
Visual cortex

20
Q

Visual pathways//visual fields

A

The R visual field is transmitted to L cerebral hemisphere.
Lower visual fields are carried in upper optic radiations.
Therefore vision loss of lower field of vision corresponds to damage of upper optic radiations.

21
Q

Visual field deficits

A
  1. Optic nerve lesion: monocular vision loss
  2. Chiasm lesion: bitemporal hemianopsia
  3. Optic tract lesion: contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
  4. Optic radiation lesion: contralateral, upper or lower
  5. visual cortical lesions: depends on location of injury

ADD PIC

22
Q

Secondary: subconscious vision

A

Midbrain:
1. superior colliculus: saccadic eye movement
2. pretectal area: autonomic reflexes (dilation and constriction)

  1. hypothalamus: circadian rhythms
  2. reticular formation: arousal/vision
23
Q

Pupillary light reflex - constriction

A

PSNS
Afferent: CN II (optic)
Efferent: CN III (oculomotor)
1. light –> optic nerve/ optic tract
2. pretectal midbrain –> bilateral Edinger-Westphal nucleus
3. bilateral ciliary ganglia –> constrictor muscles

Shine light in left eye, both should constrict

24
Q

Pupillary light reflex - dilation

A

SNS
1. hypothalamus
2. spinal cord
3. superior cervical ganglia
4. internal carotid artery plexus
5. dilator muscles

25
Q

Convergence accommodation reflex

A

Light –> optic nerve –> optic tract –> visual cortex (primary and association) –> bilateral midbrain, including Edinger-Westphal nucleus

  1. convergence - CN III to medial rectus
  2. accommodation: CN III to ciliary muscles
  3. constriction: CN III to pupillary sphincter
26
Q

Corneal blink reflex

A

Afferent: CN V1 (unilateral)
Efferent: CN VII (bilateral)

Neuro Mod 3 (7 decks)

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