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Neuro Mod 3 > 3.1 > Flashcards

3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Exteroceptive input

A

Relays sensory information about the body’s interaction with the external environment

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2
Q

Interoceptive input

A

Relays information about the body’s internal state

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3
Q

Proprioceptive input

A

Conveys information about position sense for the body and its component parts

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4
Q

Sensory input travels along ____ pathways.

A

ascending

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5
Q

How are sensory pathways classified?

A

Anatomy - where they are
Modality - what signals they carry

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6
Q

What are the 2 functional categories of sensory signals?

A

General somatic afferent system
General visceral afferent system

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7
Q

General somatic afferent system

A

Transmits sensory information such as touch, pressure, flutter-vibration, pain, temperature, itch, stretch, and position sense from somatic structures
- muscle, bone, tendon, skin

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8
Q

General visceral afferent system

A

Transmits sensory information such as pressure, pain, and other visceral sensations from visceral structures
- organs

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9
Q

What are the 3 ascending sensory pathways?

A

Anterolateral system (ALS)
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system (DCMLS)
Somatosensory pathway to cerebellum

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10
Q

Anterolateral system

A

Relays predominantly nociceptive, thermal, and itch sensation, as well as non-discriminative (crude or poorly localized) touch, pressure, and some proprioception sensation

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11
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system (DCMLS)

A

Relays discriminative (fine) tactile sense, flutter-vibratory sense, and proprioception

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12
Q

Sensory receptors: encapsulated corpuscles

A

Meissner: 2 point discrimination (fine touch), located in skin, tongue, and fingers
Ruffini: stretch, adds to proprioceptive capabilities, located in joints and skin
Pacinian: pressure and vibration, located in skin, ligament, peritoneum

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13
Q

Sensory receptors: nonencapsulated

A

Free nerve endings: touch, pressure, thermal, and pain; located in mucosa and musculoskeletal system
Merkel’s discs: discriminative touch; located in epidermis

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14
Q

Sensory receptors: proprioceptors

A

Muscle spindles: dynamic stretch; located within skeletal muscle
GTOs: tension; located in muscle insertion

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15
Q

Receptor potential

A

A change in membrane potential of the neuron produced by a stimulus.
If it is strong enough, it will generate an action potential.

Sound –> mechanical energy (goes through transduction) –> electrical energy

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16
Q

Receptive field

A

Area or territory where the peripheral terminal of the sensory receptor resides & where it transduces (converts) stimuli into receptor potentials

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17
Q

Small receptive field

A

Located in areas such as the lips and fingertips, have a very large number of receptors per unit area, with each receptor detecting stimuli from and serving a very small surface area of the skin.
- This type of receptor arrangement results in high discrimination of sensory stimuli applied to those areas

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18
Q

Large receptive field

A

Located in other body parts such as the back, have a very small number of receptors per unit area, with each receptor detecting stimuli from and serving a very large surface area of the skin.
- This pattern of receptor arrangement results in poor discrimination of sensory stimuli.

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19
Q

Transduction

A

Transformation of a stimulus into an electrical signal

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20
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors

A

Respond quickly and maximally at the onset and termination of the stimulus, but stop responding even if the stimulus continues
- example: Meissner’s corpuscles (2 point discrimination)

21
Q

Slowly adapting receptors

A

Continue to respond as long as the stimulus is present
- example: thermoreceptors

22
Q

Speed of signal transmission

A

Sensory signals are carried by different fibers, and the speed of signals is affected by:
- degree of myelination
- diameter of fiber
* larger the fiber, the faster the signal

23
Q

Spinocerebellar pathway

A

Carries subconscious sensation (proprioception)
Only 2 neurons are involved

24
Q

Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar pathways

A

Carry subconscious proprioception
- receptors of muscles, joints, tendons, and skin
- ipsilateral trunk and lower extremity
First order neuron: carries signals from the receptor to the dorsal horn. Cell body in dorsal root ganglia.
Second order neuron: caries signals from the dorsal horn to the cerebellum. Cell body in dorsal horn

25
Q

Rostral spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar pathways

A

Carry subconscious proprioception
- receptors of muscles, joints, tendons, and skin
- ipsilateral trunk, neck, and upper extremity
First order neuron: carries signals from the receptor to the dorsal horn. Cell body in dorsal root ganglia.
Second order receptor: carries signals from the dorsal horn to the cerebellum. Cell body in dorsal horn.

26
Q

The thalamus is surrounded by

A

Anterior: interventricular foramen
Posterior: basal nucleus
Lateral: internal capsule
Dorsal: lateral ventricle
Ventral: hypothalamus

27
Q

Thalamic nuclei

A

Named for where each nucleus is within the thalamus

28
Q

Relay signals to the thalamus

A

Specific relay nuclei
Sensory relay nuclei
Motor relay nuclei
Association nuclei
Nonspecific nuclei

29
Q

Function of the thalamaus

A

Relay signals to:
- motor areas
- sensory areas
- speech and vision
These are signals which arrive from the motor and sensory pathways.

30
Q

Vascular supply to the thalamus

A

Arterial supply to the thalamus:
1. Posterior cerebral artery
2. Anterior choroidal artery also gives some supply to the thalamus

31
Q

Thalamic pain syndrome

A

Allodynia: a painful sensation elicited from an innocuous stimulus on normal skin
Hyperpathia: an unusual and intense response to nocioceptive stimuli
Dysethesia: an abnormal sensation triggered by the sense of touch

32
Q

Sources of stimuli for sensory receptors

A

Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
Interoceptors

33
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Close to the body surface and are specialized to detect sensory information from external environment; sensitive to touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and flutter-vibration
Classified as:
- teloreceptors: respond to distant stimuli and doesn’t require direct physical contact
- contact receptors: transmit tactile, pressure, pain, or thermal stimuli; required direct contact

34
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Transmit sensory information from muscles, tendons, and joints about body position
- Static position relating to stationary position
- Kinesthetic sense relating to movement of body
- Vestibular system receptors located in the inner ear, relaying sensory information about the movement and orientation of the head

35
Q

Interoceptors

A

Detect sensory information concerning status of the body’s internal environment, such as stretch, blood pressure, pH, oxygen or carbon dioxide concentration, and osmolarity

36
Q

Nociceptors

A

Rapidly adapting receptors that are sensitive to noxious or painful stimuli

37
Q

Thermoreceptor

A

Sensitive to warmth or cold

38
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Activated following physical deformation of the skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules in which they reside

39
Q

Where are most proprioceptive signals carried?

A

Most proprioceptive info doesn’t reach conscious levels & instead is transmitted directly to the cerebellum.

40
Q

What is the primary function of the dorsal spinocerebellar pathway?

A

Relay proprioceptive input from the neuromuscular spindles & GTOs of the ipsilateral trunk & lower limb to the cerebellum
It also relays some touch & pressure sensation from the skin of the ipsilateral trunk & lower limbs

41
Q

What is the primary function of the ventral spinocerebellar pathway?

A

Relays proprioceptive info from muscle spindles & GTOs of trunk & lower limb
Coordination of movement of the lower limb & maintenance of posture

42
Q

What structures send signals to the thalamus?

A

Information arising from the basal nuclei, cerebellum, limbic system, & sensory systems is relayed to the thalamus, a subcortical relay station.

43
Q

After processing, where does the thalamus send signals?

A

Information is processed and integrated, then transmitted to specific areas of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex.

44
Q

What is the interthalamic adhesion?

A

It connects the right and left sides of the brain.
Not considered a true commissure since it only consists of grey matter and has no decussating fibers.
Function is unknown.

45
Q

Specific relay nuclei

A

Have reciprocal feedback connections with, well-defined, sensory or motor areas of the cerebral cortex; all of the specific relay nuclei rest in the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group

46
Q

Sensory relay nuclei

A

Include VPM & VPL nuclei (ventrobasal complex), the MGN, & LGN
VPM & VPL function in the processing & integration of somatosensory info arising from the orofacial region & body
MGN & LGN function in the processing of special sensory info related to hearing & vision
They project specific sensory input from receptors located in peripheral structures to specific regions of the sensory neocortex

47
Q

Motor relay nuclei

A

Include the VA & VL nuclei
Relay motor info arising from the somatic motor system - including the basal nuclei & cerebellum - to the motor cortical areas

48
Q

Association nuclei

A

Receive sensory & motor info from the sensory & motor systems indirectly via a relay in other thalamic nuclei, & from many different parts of the brain
Refer to DM, LD, LP, & pulvinar nuclei - have widespread connection with cortical association areas of the frontal, parietal, & temporal lobes
Referred to as multimodal because they process various modalities; involved in processing info related to memory & emotion expression, & consolidate sensory info

49
Q

Nonspecific nuclei

A

Include intralaminar nucleus and reticular thalamic nucleus
Receive terminals arising from the caudate nucleus, putamen, cerebellum, and motor cortex
Involved in the control of arousal and consciousness

Neuro Mod 3 (7 decks)

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