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Neuro Mod 3 > 3.1 > Flashcards

3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Exteroceptive input

A

Relays sensory information about the body’s interaction with the external environment

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2
Q

Interoceptive input

A

Relays information about the body’s internal state

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3
Q

Proprioceptive input

A

Conveys information about position sense for the body and its component parts

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4
Q

Sensory input travels along ____ pathways.

A

ascending

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5
Q

How are sensory pathways classified?

A

Anatomy - where they are
Modality - what signals they carry

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6
Q

What are the 2 functional categories of sensory signals?

A

General somatic afferent system
General visceral afferent system

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7
Q

General somatic afferent system

A

Transmits sensory information such as touch, pressure, flutter-vibration, pain, temperature, itch, stretch, and position sense from somatic structures
- muscle, bone, tendon, skin

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8
Q

General visceral afferent system

A

Transmits sensory information such as pressure, pain, and other visceral sensations from visceral structures
- organs

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9
Q

What are the 3 ascending sensory pathways?

A

Anterolateral system (ALS)
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system (DCMLS)
Somatosensory pathway to cerebellum

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10
Q

Anterolateral system

A

Relays predominantly nociceptive, thermal, and itch sensation, as well as non-discriminative (crude or poorly localized) touch, pressure, and some proprioception sensation

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11
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system (DCMLS)

A

Relays discriminative (fine) tactile sense, flutter-vibratory sense, and proprioception

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12
Q

Sensory receptors: encapsulated corpuscles

A

Meissner: 2 point discrimination (fine touch), located in skin, tongue, and fingers
Ruffini: stretch, adds to proprioceptive capabilities, located in joints and skin
Pacinian: pressure and vibration, located in skin, ligament, peritoneum

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13
Q

Sensory receptors: nonencapsulated

A

Free nerve endings: touch, pressure, thermal, and pain; located in mucosa and musculoskeletal system
Merkel’s discs: discriminative touch; located in epidermis

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14
Q

Sensory receptors: proprioceptors

A

Muscle spindles: dynamic stretch; located within skeletal muscle
GTOs: tension; located in muscle insertion

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15
Q

Receptor potential

A

A change in membrane potential of the neuron produced by a stimulus.
If it is strong enough, it will generate an action potential.

Sound –> mechanical energy (goes through transduction) –> electrical energy

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16
Q

Receptive field

A

Area or territory where the peripheral terminal of the sensory receptor resides & where it transduces (converts) stimuli into receptor potentials

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17
Q

Small receptive field

A

Located in areas such as the lips and fingertips, have a very large number of receptors per unit area, with each receptor detecting stimuli from and serving a very small surface area of the skin.
- This type of receptor arrangement results in high discrimination of sensory stimuli applied to those areas

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18
Q

Large receptive field

A

Located in other body parts such as the back, have a very small number of receptors per unit area, with each receptor detecting stimuli from and serving a very large surface area of the skin.
- This pattern of receptor arrangement results in poor discrimination of sensory stimuli.

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19
Q

Transduction

A

Transformation of a stimulus into an electrical signal

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20
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors

A

Respond quickly and maximally at the onset and termination of the stimulus, but stop responding even if the stimulus continues
- example: Meissner’s corpuscles (2 point discrimination)

21
Q

Slowly adapting receptors

A

Continue to respond as long as the stimulus is present
- example: thermoreceptors

22
Q

Speed of signal transmission

A

Sensory signals are carried by different fibers, and the speed of signals is affected by:
- degree of myelination
- diameter of fiber
* larger the fiber, the faster the signal

23
Q

Spinocerebellar pathway

A

Carries subconscious sensation (proprioception)
Only 2 neurons are involved

24
Q

Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar pathways

A

Carry subconscious proprioception
- receptors of muscles, joints, tendons, and skin
- ipsilateral trunk and lower extremity
First order neuron: carries signals from the receptor to the dorsal horn. Cell body in dorsal root ganglia.
Second order neuron: caries signals from the dorsal horn to the cerebellum. Cell body in dorsal horn

25
Rostral spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar pathways
Carry subconscious proprioception - receptors of muscles, joints, tendons, and skin - ipsilateral trunk, neck, and upper extremity First order neuron: carries signals from the receptor to the dorsal horn. Cell body in dorsal root ganglia. Second order receptor: carries signals from the dorsal horn to the cerebellum. Cell body in dorsal horn.
26
The thalamus is surrounded by
Anterior: interventricular foramen Posterior: basal nucleus Lateral: internal capsule Dorsal: lateral ventricle Ventral: hypothalamus
27
Thalamic nuclei
Named for where each nucleus is within the thalamus
28
Relay signals to the thalamus
Specific relay nuclei Sensory relay nuclei Motor relay nuclei Association nuclei Nonspecific nuclei
29
Function of the thalamaus
Relay signals to: - motor areas - sensory areas - speech and vision These are signals which arrive from the motor and sensory pathways.
30
Vascular supply to the thalamus
Arterial supply to the thalamus: 1. Posterior cerebral artery 2. Anterior choroidal artery also gives some supply to the thalamus
31
Thalamic pain syndrome
Allodynia: a painful sensation elicited from an innocuous stimulus on normal skin Hyperpathia: an unusual and intense response to nocioceptive stimuli Dysethesia: an abnormal sensation triggered by the sense of touch
32
Sources of stimuli for sensory receptors
Exteroceptors Proprioceptors Interoceptors
33
Exteroceptors
Close to the body surface and are specialized to detect sensory information from external environment; sensitive to touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and flutter-vibration Classified as: - teloreceptors: respond to distant stimuli and doesn't require direct physical contact - contact receptors: transmit tactile, pressure, pain, or thermal stimuli; required direct contact
34
Proprioceptors
Transmit sensory information from muscles, tendons, and joints about body position - Static position relating to stationary position - Kinesthetic sense relating to movement of body - Vestibular system receptors located in the inner ear, relaying sensory information about the movement and orientation of the head
35
Interoceptors
Detect sensory information concerning status of the body's internal environment, such as stretch, blood pressure, pH, oxygen or carbon dioxide concentration, and osmolarity
36
Nociceptors
Rapidly adapting receptors that are sensitive to noxious or painful stimuli
37
Thermoreceptor
Sensitive to warmth or cold
38
Mechanoreceptors
Activated following physical deformation of the skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules in which they reside
39
Where are most proprioceptive signals carried?
Most proprioceptive info doesn’t reach conscious levels & instead is transmitted directly to the cerebellum.
40
What is the primary function of the dorsal spinocerebellar pathway?
Relay proprioceptive input from the neuromuscular spindles & GTOs of the ipsilateral trunk & lower limb to the cerebellum It also relays some touch & pressure sensation from the skin of the ipsilateral trunk & lower limbs
41
What is the primary function of the ventral spinocerebellar pathway?
Relays proprioceptive info from muscle spindles & GTOs of trunk & lower limb Coordination of movement of the lower limb & maintenance of posture
42
What structures send signals to the thalamus?
Information arising from the basal nuclei, cerebellum, limbic system, & sensory systems is relayed to the thalamus, a subcortical relay station.
43
After processing, where does the thalamus send signals?
Information is processed and integrated, then transmitted to specific areas of the ipsilateral cerebral cortex.
44
What is the interthalamic adhesion?
It connects the right and left sides of the brain. Not considered a true commissure since it only consists of grey matter and has no decussating fibers. Function is unknown.
45
Specific relay nuclei
Have reciprocal feedback connections with, well-defined, sensory or motor areas of the cerebral cortex; all of the specific relay nuclei rest in the ventral tier of the lateral nuclear group
46
Sensory relay nuclei
Include VPM & VPL nuclei (ventrobasal complex), the MGN, & LGN VPM & VPL function in the processing & integration of somatosensory info arising from the orofacial region & body MGN & LGN function in the processing of special sensory info related to hearing & vision They project specific sensory input from receptors located in peripheral structures to specific regions of the sensory neocortex
47
Motor relay nuclei
Include the VA & VL nuclei Relay motor info arising from the somatic motor system - including the basal nuclei & cerebellum - to the motor cortical areas
48
Association nuclei
Receive sensory & motor info from the sensory & motor systems indirectly via a relay in other thalamic nuclei, & from many different parts of the brain Refer to DM, LD, LP, & pulvinar nuclei - have widespread connection with cortical association areas of the frontal, parietal, & temporal lobes Referred to as multimodal because they process various modalities; involved in processing info related to memory & emotion expression, & consolidate sensory info
49
Nonspecific nuclei
Include intralaminar nucleus and reticular thalamic nucleus Receive terminals arising from the caudate nucleus, putamen, cerebellum, and motor cortex Involved in the control of arousal and consciousness

Neuro Mod 3 (7 decks)

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