Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

chemistry [physical] > 3.3.8-9 Aldehydes + ketones; Carboxylic acids + derivatives > Flashcards

3.3.8-9 Aldehydes + ketones; Carboxylic acids + derivatives Flashcards

1
Q

what mechanism do aldehydes + ketones undergo?

A

nucleophilic addition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the reagents + conditions for nucleophilic addition (with CN-?)

A

reagent - KCN conditions - reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is produced when an aldehyde/ketone reacts with KCN?

A

hydroxynitrile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why is KCN hazardous but used instead of HCN?

A
  • KCN is toxic/poisonous
  • HCN is a weaker acid so has more difficulty dissociating, meaning ionic KCN produces more of the nucleophile CN-
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do you use to reduce aldehydes/ketones into alcohols?

A

NaBH4 (sodium tetrahydridoborate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the reagents + conditions for reduction using NaBH4?

A

reagents: NaBH4
conditions: aqueous or alcoholic solution
mechanism: nucleophilic addition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what nucleophile is used when undergoing reduction?

A

hydride ion (H-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why does NaBH4 reduce aldehydes/ketones but not alkenes?

A

the C=C bond is electron rich and has a high electron density, meaning that it is repelled by the negatively charged H- ion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the reagents + conditions for reduction with hydrogen?

A

reagent: hydrogen
conditions: nickel or platinum catalyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why do carbonyl compounds undergo nucleophilic addition?

A
  • the O is more elctronegative than the C so it pulls the bonding pair of electrons to itself
  • ## C (delta +ve is electron deficient so it is attracted to nucleophiles)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the functional group for an acyl chloride?

A

R-C=O-Cl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the functional group for an acid anhydride?

A

(RCO)2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the functional group for an amide?

A

R-C=O-NH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do metals and acids react to form?

A

salts + hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the reagents + conditions for esterification?

A

reagent - concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
condition - heat under reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the word equation for esterification using acid anhydrides?

A

acid anhydride + alcohol -> ester + carboxylic acid?

17
Q

write out the symbol equation for:
(CH3CH2CO)2O + CH3CH2OH
[propanoic anhydride + ethanol)

A

CH3CH2COOCH2CH3 + CH3CH2COOH
[ethyl propanoate + propanoic acid]

18
Q

what do reactions involving acyl chlorides produce and what is observed?

A

all produce HCl gas, which is acidic and toxic. white misty fumes are involved

19
Q

what do acyl chlorides and water produce?

A

carboxylic acid + HCl

20
Q

what do acyl chlorides and ammonia produce?

A

primary amide + HCl

21
Q

what do acyl chlorides and primary amines produce?

A

amide + HCl

22
Q

how are acyl chlorides made?

A

react carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride - SOCl2

CH3CH2COOH + SOCl2 -> CH3CH2COCL + SO2 + HCl

chemistry [physical] (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions