3351 Final Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 Project Implementation tactics?
A
Direct Cut-over (Plunge)
Parallel
Phased
2
Q
What is the best implementation tactic to use when an old system needs to be completely replaced very quickly and it is not mission critical
A
Direct Cut-over
3
Q
What implementation tactic provides a safety net?
A
Parallel
4
Q
Which implementation approach is usually the most expensive
and least risky?
A
Parallel In slides
I would argue they are all subjectively expensive, especially phased - Austin
5
Q
What tactic can be used to increase confidence in a new system?
A
Parallel
6
Q
What implementation tactic requires a modular organization structure?
A
Phased
7
Q
a ____ is very unique, special and not ongoing
A
Project
8
Q
What are the four definition areas of a project?
A
Temporary
Defined Purpose
Start and end dates
Human and other resources
9
Q
What is true when a project closes normally?
A
Completed as plan within cost, quality and schedule objectives. Likely some variation and modification along the way
10
Q
Define Premature Project Closure
A
Adam in bed
-Kelsey
A project pushed to finish early, may not include all the required features or functionality
11
Q
A runaway never ending project is?
A
A perpetual project
12
Q
What is the difference between a failed project and a changed priority project?
A
A failed project is one where costs outweigh benefit of continuing.
A changed priority project occurs due to resource constraints, misjudged value or starvation
13
Q
What is the most important part of closure of a project under normal circumstances?
A
Getting the project sponsors acceptance
14
Q
How do you improve the likelihood of project acceptance?
A
Clearly define the acceptance criteria early in the project
Completion of all project deliverables and milestones thoroughly documented
15
Q
What is in a final project report?
A
Summary
Comparison of planned vs actual scope, schedule & budget
Outstanding issues
Documentation
16
Q
What documentation are you to provide?
A
System Documentation
User Manuals
Training Materials
Maintenance Documents
17
Q
When does the formal signoff happen?
A
At the final meeting and presentation
18
Q
What steps remain after the signoff for an admin to do?
A
Verify all deliverables and open items are complete
Organize and archive deliverables and documentation
Plan for the release of all resources
Plan evaluations
Close all project accounts
PARTY
19
Q
How do you party?
A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rblt2EtFfC4
20
Q
What are 5 key (fake news) points to consider with individual performance reviews?
A
Begin with letting the person tell you about their own performance
Don’t compare them to others
Focus on behavior not the individual
Be consistent and fair
Reviews should provide consensus on improving performance
21
Q
Who is a postmortem review done with?
A
the PM and Project team
22
Q
What is reviewed in a Postmortem?
A
Initial MOV Scope, schedule, budget and quality objectives the deliverables The project plans and PMBOK areas Team Performance
23
Q
Who does a project audit?
A
Someone outside the project impartial willing to listen have a broad base of project or industry experience no conflicts of interests
24
Q
What is the main way to evaluate project success?
A
The MOV
making sponsor/customer satisfied
25
Discussing team members' next assignment is generally part of?
Individual performance review
26
Fitness for use, and conformance to requirements are defined as?
Quality
27
Meeting customer needs is?
Fitness for use
28
Meeting some predefined set of standards is?
Conformance to requirements
29
What dictates quality?
the needs or expectations of the customer
30
PMBOK Definition of quality is?
The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill requirements
31
PQM is?
Project Quality Management
The processes required to ensure that a project will satisfy the needs for which it was undertaken
32
What does PQM focus on
Quality Planning - Determining which quality standards are important and how they will be met
Quality Assurance - Evaluating overall project performance to ensure quality
Quality Control - Monitoring the activities and results of the project to endure that the project complies with the quality standards
33
Does PQM focus on the product or the process of the project?
BOTH
34
What is a quality control chart?
Recall Operations class, number of defects as compared to a standard with control limits
35
20% of the problems are responsible for 80% of the total cost of the project problems is?
Pareto's Rule, expressed by a Pareto diagram
36
What does a cause and effect (fishbone) diagram help identify?
The root problem not the symptoms
37
How do you identify interrelationships between stat sets?
Using a scatter diagram with some regression
38
What are the 6 components to an IT Project Quality Plan (IT PQP)?
```
Quality Philosophies & Principles
Quality Standards and Metrics
Validation and Verification
Configuration management
Monitor and control
Learn, improve and mature
```
39
What are some
| quality Philosophies and Principles?
- Customer satisfaction
- prevention not inspection
- improve process to improve product
- quality is everyones responsibility
- fact-based management
40
What is the total cost of quality?
Prevention + Inspection + Internal Failure + External failure
41
What is the least expensive cost of quality?
Prevention
42
what do Process Metrics do?
Control the defects introduced by the process that are required to create project deliverables;
eg)
Defect Arrival Rate - The number of defects found over a specific period
of time.
Defects by Phase - The number of defects found during each phase of
the project.
Defect Backlog - The number of defects waiting to be fixed.
Fix Response Time The average time it takes to fix a defect.
Defective Fixes - The number of fixes that created new defects
43
What do product metrics focus on?
The quality of the deliverable as judged by the customer client or sponsor;
eg)
Mean Time to Failure -Average time elapsed until a product fails.
Defect Density - The number of defects per lines of code (LOC) or function
points.
Customer Found Defects - The number of defects found by the customer.
Customer Satisfaction - An index to measure customer satisfaction, e.g., scale from
1 (very unsatisfied) to 5 (very satisfied)
44
Project Metrics focus on
The project management process to ensure that the project meets its overall goal (scope, schedule & budget)
some eg)
Earned Value - Budgeted Cost of Work Performed
Turnover - Number of project team members who quit or were terminated
Scope Change Requests
45
Verification focuses on?
Process related activities
46
Business, Management and Technical reviews are?
Verification
47
Validation focuses on?
Product oriented activities, usually towards the end of the project
48
What is white box testing?
Testing the paths of logic (structure)
49
What is Blackbox testing?
Testing the functionality
50
What is Greybox testing?
Focusing on the functionality and structure
51
Is testing part of Validation or verification?
Validation
52
What is Acceptance testing?
Certifies that the system satisfied the end user or customer scope and requirements after system testing is complete.
53
Who's responsibility is it to assure that all features and functionality are included in order to hit the MOV?
The users or client
54
What are project quality standards?
Documented agreements
Protocols
Rules that outline technical specification or criteria to ensure the product, service, processes and materials meet their purpose
55
What are three quality systems studied in class?
```
ISO
Six Sigma (DMAIC)
Capability Maturity Model Integration
```
56
What is ISO
International Organization for Standardization
| bunch of countries, bunch of members
57
ISO 9000 focuses on?
Quality Management
Improve customer satisfaction
Continuous improvement of the organizations performance
58
ISO 14000 is concerned with?
Environmental Management
| How the organization can minimize harmful effects on the environment
59
Can ISO 9001:2000 be applied to all engineering disciplines?
Well sure it can! Even Software Development! Woweee
60
What was the point of TickIT's creation?
ISO 9000 was too general and difficult to achieve, so TickIT guides a company through it and gives developers an accredited quality certification
61
How does Six Sigma measure quality of a process?
DPO
| Defects per Opportunities
62
What is a defect according to Six Sigma
Anything that results in customer dissatisfaction
| AKA Dylan's Mom
63
How many defects per million is 1 sigma - 6 sigma?
```
Sigma Defects Per
Million
1 - 690,000
2 - 308,537
3 - 66,807
4 - 6,210
5 - 233
6 - 3.4
```
64
What does Six Sigma DMAIC Improvement Cycle stand for?
```
Define
Measure
Analyze
Improve
Control
```
65
CMMI is?
Capability Maturity Model Integration
| A set of recommended practices for a set of key processes specific to Software Development
66
What are the 5 levels of CMMI?
1 - Initial, processes are disciplined (ad hoc & reactive)
2 - Repeatable, processes are standard and consistent
3 - Defined, processes are predictable
4 - Managed, processes are continuously improving (use quantitative methods)
5 - Optimizing (technology change management)
67
____ is the number of working hours needed for a task of project
Effort
68
____ is the amount of calendar time needed for a task of project
Duration
69
What is the most common error when guesstimating
Being overly optimistic - it's a cruel world out there. It'll eat you up and shit you out dead.
70
Name the project estimation technique: based on feelings and not facts
guesstimating
71
Name the project estimation technique: Top and middle managers determine overall project schedule and/or cost.
Top-down estimating
72
How many rounds does the Delphi technique require?
As many as needed until consensus reached
73
What is the formula for three-point estimation technique?
E = (O+4m+P)/6
74
Name the project estimation technique: Multiple experts estimate and compare ideas. Multiple iterations until consensus reached.
Delphi
75
What can happen if time boxing is used to often?
the project team members
| become burned out and frustrated
76
Name the project estimation technique: dividing the project into smaller modules and then directly estimating the time and effort in terms of person hours,
person-weeks, or person-months for each
module
Bottom-up
77
Name the project estimation technique: estimate based on similar tasks in the past
Analagous
78
Name the project estimation technique: Ask someone with expertise for advice
Expert advice (duh)
79
What is a common principle to estimate effort using analogous estimation?
Take previous time, double it, add 10-20%
80
What is a metric?
A measure of some property of a piece of software or its specification (e.g. LOC, FP)
81
What is a measure?
Function to assign a number to the size of some product or process atribute
82
What is a measurement?
Act of obtaining a measure
83
What are some controversies regarding LOC?
- count comments?
- declaring variables?
- efficient code
- language differences
84
T/F: Function points cannot be used to compare applications written in different languages
F: FP analysis is independent of technology
85
What are the 5 primary elements of FP analysis?
1. External Inputs
2. External Outputs
3. External Inquiries
4. Internal Logical Files
5. External Interface Files
86
Name the FP element:
Enquiry based on both input and output components that result in data retrieval
from one or more internal logical files
External Inquiry (EQ)
87
Name the FP element:
Data originated from users or other system to cross the boundary from outside to
inside
External Input (EI)
88
Name the FP element:
Logical grouping of data that resides external to the applications boundary
External Interface Files (EIF)
89
What is the formula for Value Adjustment Factor?
VAF = (TDI * 0.01) + 0.65
90
How is total degrees of influence (TDI) calculated?
Score each of the 14 general system characteristics on a scale of 1-5, then sum
91
What is the formula for total adjusted function points?
FP = UAF * VAF
92
What does COCOMO stand for?
Constructive Cost Model
93
What is COCOMO used to estimate?
cost, effort and schedule
94
What are three COCOMO project types?
- organiz
- embedded
- semi-detached
95
What type of project is this: Challenging projects that may be new ground for the organization or project
team
Embedded
96
What type of project is this: Routine projects where the work is expected to go smoothly with few
problems
Organic
97
What is a semi-detached project?
In between organic and embedded
98
How long is a person-month in COCOMO?
152 hours
99
What is KDSI?
Thousands of delivered source instructions (LOC)
100
What are the effort equations in COCOMO?
```
organic = 2.4 * KDSI ^ 1.05
Semi-detached = 3.0 * KDSI ^ 1.12
Embedded = 3.6 * KDSI ^ 1.20
```
101
What are the duration equations in COCOMO?
Organic = 2.5 * Effort ^ 0.38
Semi-detached = 2.5 * Effort ^ 0.36
Embedded = 2.5 * Effort ^ 0.32
102
How can you calculate people required for a project?
People required = Effort / duration
103
What assumptiosn does COCOMO 81 rely on?
- A waterfall process is used
| - All software developed from scratch
104
What submodels are included in COCOMO II
- Application composition model
- Early design model
- Reuse model
- Post-architectural model
105
Defect Arrival Rate is an example of
A Process Metric
106
Customer Found Defect is an example of
A Product Metric
107
Structural Requirements are
Project Standards (Usability, Maintainability . . . )
108
Grey-box testing is a part of?
Unit Testing
109
What is the most important skill for a PM to have?
Communication
110
What is Information Distribution?
Getting the right information to the right people in the right format
111
What does performance reporting include?
Status Reports
Progress Reports
Forecast reports
112
What is defined by focusing on verifying and documenting a projects progress?
Administrative Closure
113
What is a project communication plan?
Who needs what information and when
114
Who identifies stakeholders and their communication needs?
THE PM
115
What are the 5 components of a PCP (Project communication plan)
```
Stakeholder
Information Requirement
Type of Report/Metric
Timing/Availability
Medium/Format
```
116
What are some areas Project Metrics focus on
```
Scope
Schedule
Budget
Resources
Quality
Risk
```
117
Good Project Metrics must be
```
Understandable
Quantifiable
Cost Effective
Proven
High Impact
```
118
What is Earned Value?
Physical work completed to date and authorized budget for that work?
119
What is another term for EV?
Budgeted Cost of Work Performed BCWP
120
What is The Budget at Completion?
BAC is the total project budget estimate expectation
121
What is a positive (under budget) cost variance?
Earned Value - Actual Cost > 0
122
What is a positive (under budget) CPI (Cost Performance Index)
EV/AC >1
"For every $1 spent, $1*CPI is how much work we budgeted was really completed"
123
How do you tell if your project is ahead of schedule? use Schedule Variance
EV - Planned Value > 0
124
What is Schedule Performance Index?
SPI = EV/Planned Value
"For every $1 of work expected to be completed, only $SPI was accomplished"
125
What is an atypical Estimate To Complete?
When you do not think the problems in the project will continue = budget at completion (BAC) - SUM(EV)
126
What is a typical variance ETC?
(BAC - SUM(EV))/SUM(CPI)
127
What is EAC?
Estimate at completion = SUM(Actual Costs) + Estimate To Complete (ETC)
128
What are the 4 reporting categories?
```
Reviews
Status Reporting (Snapshot comparison of Baseline Plan)
Progress Reporting (activities accomplished)
Forecast Reporting (trends)
```
129
What is visualization?
Presenting data often to senior management in a visual form for the greatest effect
130
Gantt Charts, Balls on the wall chart, timeline chart and s curves are all what?
Visualization Tools
131
Which COCOMO II sub-model should be used when the software is composed of existing parts?
Application composition model
132
Which COCOMO II sub-model should be used when requirements are available but design has not yet started?
Early design model
133
An Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) would be considered what element of Function Point analysis?
Internal Logical File
134
A screen that allows the user to input information using a keyboard and a mouse would be considered what element of Function Point analysis?
External Input File
135
A data set of Customer names and addresses that is maintained by another application system would be what element of Function Point analysis?
External Interface File (EIF)
136
A management report and its accompanying graphs would be
| considered what element of Function Point analysis?
External Output Process (EO)
137
Something that includes a combination of inputs and outputs for retrieving data from either the internal files or from files external to the application would be considered what element of Function Point analysis?
External Inquiry Process
138
What are the 4 areas of PMBOK project cost management?
- Resource planning
- Cost estimating
- Cost budgeting
- Cost control
139
Which PMBOK project cost management area involves developing an approximation (estimate) of the costs of the resources needed to complete project activities?
Cost estimating
140
Which PMBOK project cost management area involves allocating the overall cost estimates to individual activities or work packages to establish a cost baseline for measuring project performance
Cost budgeting
141
Which PMBOK project cost management area involves determining what physical resources and what quantities of each should be used and when they would be needed to perform project activities?
Resource planning
142
Which PMBOK project cost management area is concerned with influencing the factors that create changes to the cost baseline to ensure that changes are agreed upon
Cost control
143
T/F: Gantt charts traditionally do not show explicit relationships between tasks
T
144
What does a diamond on a gantt chart represent?
A milestone
145
What chart did Henry Laurence Gannt develop?
The Henry chart
146
What does filled/shaded in bar in a Gantt chart represent?
A completed task
147
What is the critical path?
The longest duration path in a network diagram
148
What are the 2 main methods to draw project network diagrams
AON: activity-on-node
AOA: activity-on-arrow
149
What do the numbers in the corners of a node in an AON diagram represent?
Clockwise from top left:
- ES: earliest start
- EF: earliest finish
- LF: latest finish
- LS: latest starts
150
What does the top middle number of a node in an AON diagram represent?
Duration
151
What does the bottom middle number of a node in an AON diagram represent?
Slack
152
How many critical paths can exist?
Infinite
153
T/F: The critical path method identifies the longest time possible to complete the project
F: shortest time possible
154
T/F: A zero slack activity must be involved in at least one critical path
T
155
What is slack?
Time between ES-LS or EF-LF
156
T/F: activities with float time are less critical
T (according to slide)
157
What dependency constraint is this:
to meet competitive pressure, or get
things done before a major event (holiday, conference, etc.)
Management constraint
158
What dependency constraint is this:
one activity requires output from another before works can begin on it
Technical constraint
159
What dependency constraint is this:
a specific event guides an activity, such as needing a task done no earlier than, no later than, or on a specific day
Date contraint
160
What dependency constraint is this:
the need for a related project to finish their side of an interface before yours can be fully tested
Interproject constraint
161
What is PDM?
Precedence Diagramming Method - tool to understand relationship between activities
162
T/F: PDM is based on the AOA diagram technique
F: based on AON
163
What are the 4 fundamental relationships in PDM?
finish-to-start (FS)
start-to-start (SS)
finish-to-finish (FF)
start-to-finish (SF)
164
Which PDM relationship is most common?
FS
165
Start-to-Start activities must finish at the same time?
F
166
What is lag time?
Adding a buffer before next task begins
167
What is lead time?
Starting next task before first is complete
168
How many start nodes can exist in an AOA network?
1
169
How many end nodes can exist in an AOA network?
1
170
What are the 4 numbers on a node in an AOA diagram?
Clockwise from top:
- event number
- latest date
- slack
- earliest date
171
What is PERT?
Program evaluation and review technique
172
Why/when was PERT developed?
1950's, polaris submarine project
173
What are the three estimates for PERT?
optimistic, pessismistic, most likely
174
How is the activity standard deviation calculated in PERT?
stdev = (pessimistic-optimistic)/6
175
What do the 4 numbers on a node in a PERT diagram represent?
Clockwise from top left:
- event number
- target date
- stdev
- expected date
176
How do calculate z value for an activity in PERT?
z = (target date - expected date)/stdev
177
How do you add 2 standard deviations?
Add their squares then square root the sum
178
What is a possible reason for a product defect?
Ya knocked the battries out ya dummy!
179
What are the different resources?
```
people
materials
facilities
equipment
money$$$$$
```
180
How are people on a project generally identified?
a) their name
b) their skills
c) their odor
d) their assumed gender
b
181
Is people a direct or indirect cost?
direct
182
What is often the biggest resource cost? What is the second?
People, then materials
183
Are facilities a direct or indirect cost?
indirect
184
T/F: Office supplies are not considered a material cost
T: they are a money resource
185
What type of cost is this: Often have to “build one and throw it away” to understand a problem or a new technology
Learning curve
186
When does the project plan become the basline plan?
Once the project schedule and budget are accepted by sponsor, project manager and team
187
T/F: Gantt Charts provide valuable information about the logical sequence and dependencies among the various activities and tasks so that a completion date or deadline can be determined
F: that's a network diagram
188
T/F: Start-to-Start and Start-to-Finish relationships allow activities to be worked on in parallel
F
189
An activity being analyzed under PERT was judged to most likely
have a duration of 40 days. When considering the time it would
take to complete the activity if every relevant factor went well, it
was estimated to take 20 days and even under the worst case
imaginable, the task would be take 50 days. The estimates PERT
duration of that activity is:
38.33
190
At what stage of a project is uncertainty the highest?
The beginning
191
Which is cheaper: risk management or crisis management?
Risk management
192
T/F: crisis management is proactive
F
193
What are some common risk management mistakes?
- benefits not well-understood
- not providing time for risk management
- not using a standardized approach
- crisis management instead
- unwilling to admit risks exists
- postpone the hard parts
194
Successful risk management requires:
- commitment by stakeholders
- stakeholder responsibility
- different risks for different projects
195
What are the 6 steps in PMBOK risk management?
1. Planning
2. Identification
3. Qualitative analysis
4. Quantitative analysis
5. Response planning
6. Monitoring and control
196
Goal of risk management:
Maximize positive events, minimize adverse events
197
T/F: The risk management plan does not detail the planned responses to individual risks within the project
T
198
What is the risk management plan responsible for determining?
roles and responsibilities
budgeting
scheduling
risk analysis scoring
199
What does a risk management methodology cover?
tools, approaches, data sources, attitude and flexibility
200
What are the types of risk?
known
known-unknown
unknown-unknown
Also: internal/external
201
What type of risk is this: events that we cannot even imagine
happening
unknown-unknown
202
What do you call a risk that the project manager is directly responsible for?
Internal risk
203
What is the most common risk identification tool?
brainstorming
204
T/F: In the delphi technique, experts are kept anonymous
T
205
Name the risk identification tool: Each individual silently writes her or his ideas on a piece of paper
Each idea is then written on a board or flip chart one at a time in a round-robin fashion until each individual has listed all of his or her ideas
Nominal Group Technique (NGT)
206
Name the risk identification tool: The risks are identified in broad terms and posted, and then the
risks’ characteristics are detailed
Brainstorming
207
What is the advantage of using checklists for risk identification?
simple, direct
208
What is the disadvantage of using checklists for risk identification?
participants may limit their risk identification to only the risk categories on the checklists
209
What does SWOT stand for
Sweaty White Overweight Trinidadians
210
What does a cause and effect diagram identify?
- risk in terms of threat/opportunity
- main factors (causes)
- detailed factors for each main factor
211
What are the different risk identifying tools?
```
brainstorming
NGT
Delphi
checklist
SWOT
Cause & Effect (fishbone)
Past projects
```
212
What is the purpose of risk assessment?
Priotitizing risks
213
What is the purpose of risk analysis?
Determine each risks's probability and impact
214
What are the 2 approaches to analyzing and assessing project risk?
Qualitative
| Quantitative
215
What are 3 qualitative risk analysis methods?
1. Risks scoring model
2. Risks Impact matrix
3. Risks timeline
216
What is required for a risk to be inf the red condition in the risk impact matrix?
High impact, medium or high probability
217
What are the columns in the risk register?
```
Risk item
Probability/impact
risk management strategy
critical date
current date
```
218
T/F: Quantitiative risk analysis is reserved for high impact risks
T
219
What are the most common quantitative risk analysis tools?
EV
Decision tree
Probability distributions
simulations
220
How is expected value calculated?
EV = prob * monetary value
221
What are 4 risk response strategies?
1. avoidance
2. transfer
3. mitigation
4. acceptance
222
Insurance
Fixed-priced contracts
Warrantees
are examples of what kind of risk response strategy?
Risk transfer
223
____ is an effort to reduce the probability and/or impact of an identified risk in the project
Risk mitigation
224
Which risk response strategy involves changing the base line plane of the product so that the risk cannot occur
Risk avoidance
225
Which risk response strategy relies on a contingency allowance
for the project?
Risk acceptance
226
When would you use risk acceptance strategy?
- no other action is feasible
| - risk is of small impact/probability
227
What are the tools for monitoring identified risks?
- risk register
| - risk timeline
228
_______ is a process to document the recognized risks, the
| planned response, and the outcome of the risk
Risk evaluation
229
T/F: Since risk arises from uncertainty, there can be no such
category as known risks.
F
230
Complete this sentence: a risk is a(n) __________
| occurrence that can affect the project for good or bad.
Uncertain
231
When should risk identification happen?
As early as possible in the planning process
232
Which risk analysis provides the project manager with a risk ranking?
Qualitative
233
What is the most important PM skill?
Communication (bullshitting)
234
What is the biggest tool in a project manager's toolkit?
Austin Baggio
235
How much of a project manager's time is spent communicating?
90%
236
What are the 4 PMBOK areas of communications management
Communications planning
information distribution
performance reporting
administrative closure
237
status reports, progress reports, and forecast reports should be collected and distributed in which PBMOK communications management area?
Performance reporting
238
Which PMBOK area of communication management Focuses on getting the right
information to the right people in the right format?
Information distribution
239
The following questions are answered in which PMBOK area of communication management?
```
How will information be stored?
What information goes to whom, when, and how?
Who can access what information?
Who will update the information?
What media of communication is best?
```
communications planning
240
Which PMBOK area of communication management should include organizing minutes from meetings and other project related documents.
Information distribution
241
Which PMBOK area of communication management includes organizing and archiving project records and lessons learned
Administrative closure
242
What info is required in a project communication plan?
```
stakeholders
info requirements
type of report/metric
timing/availability
medium/format
```
243
T/F: a project metric is a A qualitative measurement of some attribute of the project
T
244
What key areas should project metrics focus on?
```
Scope
Schedule
Budget
Resources
Quality
Risk
```
245
A good project metric must be...
```
Understandable
Quantifiable
Cost effective
Proven
High Impact
```
246
Project Metric Systems Should…
Allow the team to gauge its own progress
Be designed by the project team
Adopt and use only a handful of measures
Track results and progress
247
What is EV?
Earned value - actual work completed to date
EV = PV * % completed
(BCWP)
248
What is AC?
Actual cost - amount required to date (ACWP)
249
What is PV?
Planned value - budgeted cost of work shecuduled
| BCWS
250
What is BAC?
Budgeted at completion - total budget for project
251
What is cost variance?
CV = EV - AC
-ve: over budget
+ve: under budget
252
What is Schedule Performance Index?
SPI = EV / PV
>1: ahead of schedule
<1: behind schedule
253
What is schedule variance?
SV = EV - PV
-ve: behind sched
+ve: ahead of sched
254
What is cost performance index?
CPI = EV / AC
>1: under budget
<1 : over budget
255
What are the two methods to calculate estimate to completion (ETC)?
typical variance
| atypical variance
256
What is the formula for ETC for typical variance?
ETC = (BAC - EV)/CPI
257
What is the formula for ETC for atypical variance?
ETC = BAC -EV
258
What is EAC?
Estimate at completion
259
What is the formula for EAC?
EAC = AC + ETC (either typical or atypical)
260
How can we determine funds required if things continue to get worse?
Funds required = BAC / (CPI*SPI)
261
What are the 4 reporting categories?
Reviews
status reporting
progress reports
forecast reporting
262
Which reporting category compares actual progress to baseline plane?
Status reporting
263
Which reporting category is used to get acceptance, surface problems or issues, or
make key decisions?
Reviews
264
Which reporting category includes the activities or tasks that the team accomplished?
progress reporting
265
Which reporting category involves Predicting the project’s future status or progress
forecast reporting
266
Why is visualizing performance important?
- gives quick assessment tool for managers
| - staff motivation
267
what do the colors in a balls on the wall chart represent?
White: event has not occured
green: on target
red: missed target
268
What are 4 ways of visualizing project progress?
Gantt chart
balls on the wall
timeline chart
s-curves
269
How should you communicate with people in the same place and time?
Formal or informal meetings
270
How should you communicate with people in the same place but different time?
email
| threaded discussion area
271
How should you communicate with people in the same time but different place?
Telephone/teleconference
video conference
instant messaging
chat room
272
How can the critical path be shortened?
- allocate additional resources
- increase existing resources (overtime)
- reallocate resources
- reconsider precedence requirements
273
T/F: Since project metrics are defined as a qualitative measurement of some attribute of the project, their measurement should reflect the subjective qualitative judgments of project leader or
team members.
F
274
T/F: Only those attributes that have a high impact on the project are worth measuring.
T
275
T/F: The planned value (PV) tells us how much of our project will be
completed in each time increment.
F: only how much we PLAN to pay for
276
T/F: The Schedule Performance Index (SPI) for our project is
greater than one (1) and so we would anticipate that all other
things being equal, our project will finish ahead of schedule
T
277
```
Barring a change in project scope and given a Schedule
Performance Index (SPI) that is greater than 1, the most
reasonable inference to draw is that:
```
The project will likely finish earlier than planned
278
Which CMMI level has no key process areas
1 Initial
279
Peer review, training programs and product engineering are key process areas of which CMMI level?
3 Defined
280
Software quality management and quantitative process management are key process areas of which CMMI level?
4 Managed
281
Name the CMMI level: process is documented and becomes organizations' standard
3 Defined
282
Name the CMMI level: quantitative metrics for productivty and quality are established
4 managed
283
Quality assurance, configuration management and project planning are key process areas of which CMMI level?
2 Repeatable
284
Process change management, technology change management and defect prevention are key process areas of which CMMI level?
5 Optimizing
285
Name the CMMI level: whole organization is focused on continuous process improvement
5 Optimizing
286
To transition from CCMI level 2 to 3, processes are ____
Standardized and consistent
287
To transition from CCMI level 1 to 2, processes are ____
disciplined
288
To transition from CCMI level 4 to 5, processes are ____
continously improving
289
To transition from CCMI level 3 to 4, processes are ____
predictable
