3.3.16 Chromatography

Question 1

what are the basic principles of all kinds of chromatography?

Answer 1

a family of separation techniques that depend on the principle that a mixture is separated if it is dissolved in a solvent and this mobile phase is passed over a solid (the stationary phase)

Question 2

what is the mobile phase?

Answer 2

carries the soluble components of the mixture

Question 3

what relationship between a sample and the mobile phase makes the sample move faster?

Answer 3

more soluble components/ components with more affinity to the solvent move faster

Question 4

what does the stationary phase do?

Answer 4

holds back components of the mixture that are attracted to it

Question 5

what is the relationship between a sample and the stationary phase that makes the sample move slower? what kind of bonding does this often involve?

Answer 5

more affinity for the stationary phase means that a component moves slower; often attracted by hydrogen bonding

Question 6

how are substances separated by chromatography?

Answer 6

if suitable stationary/mobile phases are chosen, the balance between affinity for the mobile phase and affinity for the stationary phase is different for each component of the mixture
thus, they move at different rates and are separated over time

Question 7

Why will different substances show different Rf values?

Answer 7

they are bonded differently and have different polarities - more polar bonds mean longer retention time or smaller Rf value, since hydrogen bonding/dipoles are attracted more strongly to the stationary phase

Question 8

what does TLC stand for?

Answer 8

thin layer chromatography

Question 9

what is the stationary phase in TLC?

Answer 9

plastic/glass/metal sheet or plate coated in silica (SiO2) or alumina (Al2O3)

Question 10

what are the advantages of TLC over paper chromatography?

Answer 10

runs faster
smaller amounts of mixture can be separated
TLC plates are more robust than paper

Question 11

how can you observe colourless spots after TLC?

Answer 11

UV light
spray with developing agent (e.g. ninhydrin turns amino acid spots from colourless to purple, so they can be seen) (heating needed with ninhydrin)

Question 12

how do we calculate Rf value?

Answer 12

measure the distance from the initial line (that the mixture was spotted onto) to the solvent front, and the distance from the initial line to the spot
Calculate Rf using Rf = distance moved by spot/ distance moved by solvent front

Question 13

what does Rf value stand for?

Answer 13

Retention factor; a measure of the rate of movement of a component through the chromatography apparatus; a ratio between the rate of movement of the solvent and that component

Question 14

How could you confirm the identity of a substance from its Rf value?

Answer 14

compare your Rf value to accepted values Rf for that substance run in the same solvent and set-up; if they match, then identity is confirmed

Question 15

what is column chromatography?

Answer 15

column packed with silica, alumina or resin has solvent run through it downwards

Question 16

what is the stationary phase in column chromatography?

Answer 16

silica, alumina or resin packed into a column

Question 17

what is the mobile phase in column chromatography? what is it also known as?

Answer 17

solvent added at the top and runs down the column; called “eluent”

Question 18

what are the advantages of column chromatography?

Answer 18

more than one eluent can be used, leads to better separation
fairly large amounts can be separated and collected after separation

Question 19

what is the stationary phase in gas-liquid chromatography?

Answer 19

powder, coated with oil packed into a long, thin, capillary tube (100m long, 0.5mm diameter)
coiled and placed in an oven, the temperature of which can be varied

Question 20

what is the mobile phase in gas-liquid chromatography?

Answer 20

carrier gas, inert e.g. N2 or He

Question 21

What do you measure in gas-liquid chromatography?

Answer 21

retention time; different components of the mixture take different amounts of time to move through

Question 22

what are the advantages of GLC?

Answer 22

very sensitive; GC can detect minute traces of substances in foodstuffs, and link oil pollution on beaches to the specific tanker the oil came from

Question 23

what are GLC’s uses?

Answer 23

test athletes’ and horses’ blood and urine for drugs

Question 24

how can you use GC or GCMS to identify substances?

Answer 24

match gas chromatograph to that of a known substance under the same conditions; retention time should exactly match
substance’s identity can be confirmed by mass spectroscopy, NMR or infrared spectroscopy

Question 25

how does GCMS work?

Answer 25

Gas Chromatography is run; retention time is recorded, then mixture is run through a mass spectrometer
fragmentation pattern/molecular ion peak confirms identity

Question 26

will an alcohol or an aldehyde have a shortest retention time by column chromatography? why?

Answer 26

aldehyde has a shorter retention time
it has a less polar bond than an alcohol so it adsorbs less strongly to the stationary phase, so moves down the column at a quicker rate
force of attraction between stationary phase and aldehyde is less