3.3.14 Organic synthesis (A2) Flashcards

1
Q

what is organic synthesis?

A

using reaction mechanisms to create a target molecule from a starting molecule

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2
Q

why do you try and keep the number of steps as low as possible for organic synthesis?

A

to improve the percentage yield of the final product

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3
Q

what could cause the yield of an individual step to be low in organic synthesis?

A

product left in reaction mixture each time/inefficient separation
incomplete/reversible reactions

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4
Q

what is the main oxidising agent used in organic chemistry?

A

acidified potassium dichromate (VI) (K2Cr2O7/H2SO4)

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5
Q

what are primary alcohols oxidised to?

A

aldehydes, then carboxylic acids

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6
Q

what are secondary alcohols oxidised to?

A

ketones

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7
Q

what are the three main reducing agents used in organic chemistry; what do they reduce?

A

NaBH4 sodium tetrahydridoborate (III) reduces C=O (H delta - attacks C delta +)
H2/Ni reduces C=C
Tin (Sn) / HCl reduces NO2 to NH2

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8
Q

what are the two main dehydrating agents used in organic synthesis?

A

Al2O3 (vapours passed over it)
acid-catalysed elimination by H3PO4

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9
Q

what does a compound being solid indicate?

A

long C chain or ionic

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10
Q

what does a compound being liquid indicate?

A

medium C chain or polar bonding or hydrogen bonding

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11
Q

what does a compound being a gas indicate?

A

short C chain or non-polar bonds

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12
Q

what does being soluble in water indicate about a compound?

A

suggests the compound has polar groups

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13
Q

what does being insoluble in water indicate about a compound?

A

suggests the compound has non-polar groups

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14
Q

what does a smoky flame when burnt suggest?

A

high C:H ratio, possibly aromatic

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15
Q

what does a non-smoky flame suggest?

A

low C:H ratio, not aromatic

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16
Q

if an excess or a primary amine is reacted with bromomethane, what is the product?

A

RNHCH3 - only one substitution as amine is in excess