3.3.14 Organic synthesis

Question 1

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce a halogenoalkane from an alkane?

Answer 1

Reagents:
* X₂

Conditions:
* UV light

Question 2

What are the reagents and conditons required to produce, a secondary/teriary amine, thier salts and quarternary ammonium salts, from a non-primary halogenoalkane?

Answer 2

Reagent:
* Ammonia

Conditions:
* Heat

Question 3

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce a primary amine from a halogenoalkane?

Answer 3

Reagents:
* Excess ammonia

Conditions:
* Heat

Question 4

What are the reagents and conditons required to produce a nitrile from a halogenoalkane?

Answer 4

Reagent:
* Ethanolic KCN_(aq)

Conditons:
* Warm under reflux

Question 5

What are the reagents and conditons required to produce a primary amine from a nitrile?

Answer 5

Reagents:
* LiAlH in a non aqueous solvent
* Dilute H₂SO₄

OR…

Reagents:
* Hydrogen gas

Conditions:
* Platinum or nickel catalyst
* High preasure
* High temperature

Question 6

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce an alcohol from a halogenoalkane?

Answer 6

Reagents:
* Aqueous NaOH or KOH

Conditions:
* Warm under reflux

Question 7

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce a halogenoalkane from an alkene?

Answer 7

Reagents:
* Hydrogen halide (HX)

Conditions:
* Room temperature (20^oC)

Question 8

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce an alkene from an halogenoalkane?

Answer 8

Reagents:
* Ethanolic KOH

Conditions:
* Warm under reflux

Question 9

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce an alcohol from an alkene?

Answer 9

Reagents:
* H₂O_(g)

Conditions:
* 300^oC steam
* 60 atm preasure
* Phosphoric(V) acid catalyst (H₃PO₄)

OR…

Reagents:
* H₂O_(l)

Conditions:
* Cold conc. sulfuric acid catalyst
* Warm

Question 10

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce an alkene from a alcohol?

Answer 10

Conditions:
* Concentrated sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid catalyst
* Heated under reflux

Question 11

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce an aldehyde or ketone from a primary or secondary alcohol?

Answer 11

Reagents:
* Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) (K₂Cr₂O₇)
* Sulfuric acid

Conditions:
* Heat using distillation apparatus

Question 12

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce an alcohol from an aldehyde or ketone?

Answer 12

Reagent:
* NaBH₄ dissolved in water with methanol

Question 13

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce a carboxylic acid from an alcohol?

Answer 13

Reagents:
* Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) (K₂Cr₂O₇)
* Sulfuric acid

Conditions:
* Heat under reflux

Question 14

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde?

Answer 14

Reagents:
* Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) (K₂Cr₂O₇)
* Sulfuric acid

Conditions:
* Heat under reflux

Question 15

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce a hydroxynitrile from an aldehyde or ketone?

Answer 15

Reagents:
* Acidified KCN_(aq) (H₂SO₄)

Conditions:
* Room temperature (20^oC)

Question 16

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce a ester from a carboxylic acid?

Answer 16

Reagents:
* Alcohol

Conditions:
* Conc. H₂SO₄
* Heat

Question 17

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce a carboxylic acid from an ester?

Answer 17

Reagents:
* H₂O

Conditions:
* Dilute sulfuric or hydrochloric acid catalyst
* Reflux under heat

OR…

Reagents:
* Dilute NaOH

Conditions:
* Reflux under heat

Question 18

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce a ester from an acyl chloride or acid anhydride?

Answer 18

Reagents:
* Alcohol

Conditions:
* Room temperature (20^oC)

Question 19

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce a primary amide from a acyl chloride or acid anhydride?

Answer 19

Reagents:
* NH₃

Conditions:
* Room temperature (20^oC)

Question 20

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce a N-substituted amide from a acyl chloride or acid anhydride?

Answer 20

Reagents:
* Amine

Conditions:
* Room temperature (20^oC)

Question 21

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce dibromoalkane from an alkene?

Answer 21

Reagents:
* Br₂

Conditions:
* Room temperature (20^oC)

Question 22

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce nitrobenzene by nitration of benzene?

Answer 22

Reagents:
* Conc. H₂SO₄
* Conc. HNO₃

Conditions:
Bellow 55^oC

Question 23

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce phenylketone by acylation of benzene?

Answer 23

Reagents:
* Acyl chloride (RCOCl)

Conditions:
* AlCl₃
* Heated under reflux
* In non-aqueous solvent e.g. dry ether

Question 24

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce an aromatic amine by reduction of nitrobenzene?

Answer 24

Reagents:
* Tin (Sn)
* Conc. hydrochloric acid
* Then add NaOH

Conditions:
* Heat under reflux

Not sure what’s a catalyst and reagent so all are in reagents

Question 25

What are the reagents and conditions required to produce N-phenylethanamide from an aromatic amine?

Answer 25

Reagents:
* Ethanoyl chloride

Conditions:
* Room temperature and preasure

Question 26

How do chemists try to design synthesis routes?

Answer 26

1. Chemists try to design routes that use non-hazardous starting materials to limit the potential for accidents and enviormental damage
2. Processes are designed to not be wastefull. Processes with high atom economy and high percentage yeilds are preferred, because they convert more starting material into useful products. Waste can also be reduced by designing routes with as few steps as possible

Avoiding use of solvents wherever possible is one way of reducing both hazards associated with a process and the amount of waste produced by a process. Solvents are often flammable and toxic so can pose safety risks. If the solvent has to be disposed of after the reaction has completed then it also increases the amount of waste