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History > 33- WWI > Flashcards

33- WWI Flashcards

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1
Q

Franz Ferdinand

A

Archduke of Austria/Habsburg empire, assassinated while in Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. Assassins (Bosnian Serb nationalists) resented the Habsburgs.

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2
Q

Nationalism & Self-determination

A

People with the same history, ethnic ties, and language form a sovereign state and government. Statehood initially denied to Germany, Italy, Belgium.

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3
Q

Balkan Wars

A

Nationalists revolted against Turkish rule. Greece, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria seceded from Ottoman empire.

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4
Q

Central Powers

A

Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy. Agreed to defend each other. Protected Germany against French invasion, protected against Russian invasion during Austrian intervention in Balkans.

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5
Q

Allies

A

Alliance between Great Britain, France, Russia. Aimed to resolve colonial disputes. Viewed Central Powers with suspicion.

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6
Q

Schlieffen Plan

A

German war plan, designed to avoid a war on 2 fronts.

  • Knockout of France while Russia mobilized.
  • Did not consider logistics of mobilizing into France
  • Violated Belgian neutrality
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7
Q

In what sense would this conflict balloon into a “Great War?”

A

32 nations got in, encouraged total war, used all available resources. First industrial war.

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8
Q

Why were the Balkans a hotbed of nationalist tensions ripe for conflict?

A

Nationalist subject minorities with nationalist aspirations opposed foreign rule in the multi-ethnic Ottoman, Russian, and Habsburg empires.

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9
Q

How did economics paly a role in fueling conflict?

A

Tariff wars between industrial nations, challenged for GDP output. Naval race to secure trade routes and colonies.

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10
Q

What was the intention of the Alliance System, and how did it backfire?

A

The Alliance system was designed to resolve colonial disputes, maintain cooperation, and prevent war between its signees. However, obligations made small conflicts balloon quickly.

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11
Q

What role did militarization and war plans in general play in escalating tensions?

A

Nations made war contingency plans and timetables in case a war broke out. Did not consider defence, costs, or casualties. Made nations feel compelled to stick to pre-existing plans; may result in a disproportionate conflict.

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12
Q

War of attrition

A

Stalemate between industrialized countries, huge casualties, total war; dictatorial rule.

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13
Q

Stalemate

A

Neither side is winning at the moment. One side inflicts damage, other side retaliates. Made worse by machine guns, barbed wire.

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14
Q

Trench Warfare

A

Fighting in trenches; made war slow, prevented advancement. Horrible conditions, not as glamorous as politicians portrayed it as.

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15
Q

Western Front vs Eastern Front

A

East: Conflict in Balkans, Austria, German territorial ambitions. Russia invaded Prussia, but driven out. Fought on line from Baltic to Ukraine.
West: Trench warfare and stalemate in N. France and Belgium

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16
Q

Is it fair to view Germany as the aggressor in this war?

A

No, were not involved in assassination or Balkans conflict. However, quickly escalated tensions by following Schlieffen plan to honor their alliance w/ AH. Also sent unreasonable ultimatums to France and Russia (demanding to demobilize). Violated Belgian neutrality, drew Britain into war.

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17
Q

What were the expectations at the start of the war and how were these quickly dashed?

A

Expected to be a quick, localized conflict in the Balkans. Soldiers envisioned a quick, heroic fight and a safe return. War planners envisioned sweeping assaults and trump, not defence.

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18
Q

What were the new weapons of war and what were their effects?

A

Machine gun, poisonous gas made trench warfare ineffective. Gas killed 1.2m people. Tanks and planes could break trenches, restore fighting, reconnaissance, but were undeveloped. German navy used diesel submarines.

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19
Q

How did things play out in the first couple of years on the Eastern front?

A

Conflict in Balkans. Austria, Germany took Serbia, Albania, Romania. Russia invaded Prussia, but were driven out. Fought on line from Baltic to Ukraine. Russian counterattacks failed.
Less of a stalemate than western front.

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20
Q

Aside from high soldier casualties, how did civilians fare in this war?

A

Civilians who assisted the war effort became targets. Suffered food blockades- enemy hoped gov’t would capitulate if citizens starved.

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21
Q

Total war

A

WWI, made us of all civilian infrastructure and resources to support the war effort. Countries mobilized the economy- controlled private companies.

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22
Q

What were the economic repercussions of the war?

A

Government took over private companies and manufacturing. Gov’t tightly controlled the economy- reorganized industries, determined production and consumption, wage and price controls. Created huge demands for raw materials.

23
Q

How was the war transformative for the lives of women?

A

Women took over jobs left behind by men. Often worked in dangerous shell and explosive mfg. plants.

24
Q

What were 3 reasons the conflict escalated into a world war?

A

European countries carried conflicts into colonies, men from colonies were conscripted to fill soldier demand, and the intentions of the U.S. and Japan had nothing to do with the Balkans conflict.

25
Q

Propaganda

A

Gov’t communications to encourage wartime sentiment at home, increased support for the war effort. Censored bad news, vilified and dehumanized the enemy.

26
Q

21 Demands

A

Japan took over German bases on Shandong peninsula and Pacific islands, advanced imperial interests in China. 21 demands would reduce China to a protectorate of Japan.
Made China confirm Japanese ownership of Shandong, granted Japan industrial monopolies, restricted arms purchases to Japanese companies.
Note was released to Britain, who forced China to reject to some of the demands.

27
Q

What caused the Armenian genocide?

A

Last major non-Muslim ethnic group sought independence. Abuses and discrimination by Christian officials led to tension.
Ottoman empire adopted a Turkification program; aggravated tensions. Armenians viewed as threat and murdered; 1 million killed.

28
Q

Gallipoli

A

Allies invaded Dardanelles Strait and Gallipoli peninsula near Constantinople. 9 month stalemate, huge Allied (British) casualties.
Weakened imperial ties between Russia and Britain. strengthened national identities. Helped launch modern Turkish state.

29
Q

What happened to the Ottoman empire over the course of the war?

A

After victories in the Caucasus and Gallipoli, Ottoman retreated on all fronts. Could not defend against strong British-led Allied forces supported by Arab revolt in Arabia. Revolt called for unified Arab nation from Syria to Yemen.

30
Q

What led to the abdication of the tsar?

A

Nicholas II abdicated power due to weakening of Russian army, mutinies, food shortages, strikes and rebellions. Spring 1917 revolution caused tsar to leave.

31
Q

Describe the power struggle that ensued after the tsar abdicated

A

Revolution spread throughout the country. Power shifted to provisional gov’t and Petrograd soviet.
Soviets gained popularity, controlled factories and military.
Power struggle between provisional gov’t and soviets. Provisional government granted personal freedoms and abolished laws against ethnic groups, but didn’t bring land reform or end the war.
Petrograd soviet called for land reorganization and immediate peace.

32
Q

Vladimir Lenin

A

Revolutionary Marxist, brought to Russia to encourage withdrawal from war. Head of the Bolsheviks, organized the armed insurrection to seize power.

33
Q

How did Lenin’s communist views contrast with those of Marx?

A

Lenin viewed proletariat as incapable of developing revolutionary consciousness to bring effective political action. Believed working-class required leadership of a well-organized and highly discipline party to trigger revolution and form a socialist party.

34
Q

Bolsheviks

A

Radical/revolutionary wind of Russian Social Democratic party. Took over gov’t after insurrection. Took Russia out of war in early 1918.

35
Q

Why were the Bolsheviks able to overthrow the provisional government?

A

Provisional government did not withdraw from war, could not feed population, and refused to undertake land reform. Created popular support with soviets.
Led to armed insurrection in November 1917- Workers, soldiers, and sailors stormed winter palace, gov’t ceded power to Lenin and Bolshevik party.

36
Q

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A

Harsh, humiliating treaty. Ended Russian involvement in the war. Gave Germany control over Russia’s territory and 1/4 of the population. Allowed Russia to deal with internal problems; allowed Germany to concentrate on western front.

37
Q

Unrestricted submarine warfare

A

U.S. gov’t asserted neutral rights for trading ships>wanted to continue trade with belligerents during the war.
Germany violated>used subs to blockade Britain economically, helped it would end British blockade of central powers.
Did not give warning before sinking neutral merchant ships.

38
Q

What were the economic factors that contributed to the U.S. supporting the allies and eventually entering the war?

A

U.S. suffered a recession. Unemployment at 15%, business failure.
Recovery brought about with sale of war materials> Already sold munitions to Britain, couldn’t remain neutral.
Allies had large loans in U.S. banks, meaning an Allied victory would be financially beneficial.
Allies had depleted many resources and needed American intervention.

39
Q

How did the sinking of the Lusitania affect the U.S. position regarding the war?

A

Led to public outrage, turned mood against Germany.
Ship carried 127 Americans.
U.S. also entered war bc of Zimmerman telegram>Germany was making war plans with Mexico.

40
Q

What were some of the deteriorating effects the war was having at home and in the ranks?

A

War fuelled nationalist tensions in Ireland>Attempt to overthrow British rule.
War created food shortages, strikes.
Government jailed dissidents and demonstrators.
Breakdown of military discipline- French soldiers refused to attack.

41
Q

Describe the toll the war had taken

A

Killed 15m people, wounded 20m. Many more people died after due to starvation, malnutrition, and epidemic disease.
Made people homeless; created physical destruction in Belgium and Northern France.

42
Q

Spanish flu

A

Violent influenza outbreak after the war, unknown reasons. Killed 20m people. First outbreak was in Spain.
Wartime travel contributed to spread across continent.
Harsh in Pacific Islands, w. Africa, India.

43
Q

Why was the Paris peace settlement fraught from the start?

A

Nations had different and conflicting aims, led to chaos at many meetings.
Damages of war not fully assessed before making settlements and terms for defeated countries.
Allies did not allow central powers to participate.

44
Q

What was appealing and unappealing about Wilson’s fourteen points?

A

Ideal principles for world peace; called for free trade and disarmament, made Wilson a moral leader among the allies.
Some opposed fourteen points because they compromised secret wartime agreements.
Defeated nations felt betrayed when given harsh peace treaties, which violated the spirit of the fourteen points.

45
Q

In what sense might the Central Powers have viewed the Treaty of Versailles as harsh?

A

Germany forced to accept full guilt for the war.
German military prohibited from growing> treaty infringed on their sovereignty.
Forced Germany to pay huge financial reparations.

46
Q

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

A

Wartime hero, refused to accept the treaty of Sevres> called for disintegration of Ottoman empire. Drove out German, British, French and Italian occupation forces.
Became president of new Turkish republic

47
Q

How was the new nation of Turkey radically transformed?

A

Ataturk instituted ambitious modernization program, emphasized economic development and secularism.
State intervention in industry and business brought long term economic growth.

Separated Muslim establishment and the state>secular court, women’s rights, Hindu-Arabic numerals, Roman alphabet, Western clothing.

48
Q

What were the unresolved issues making this essentially a twenty-year truce?

A

The peace settlement had few participants. People had interests in revising it.
German, Italian, and Japanese expansionism in Europe, Balkans, and China remained unresolved.
Power rivalries, alliances, imperialism, and militarism continued.

49
Q

League of Nations

A

First permanent international security organization, created in an effort to avoid future destructive conflicts and to maintain world peace.

50
Q

Why did the League of Nations ultimately fail?

A

Had no way of enforcing its decisions, relied on collective security (attack on one viewed as attack on all).
Every major power was not a member at all times.

51
Q

What made the principal of self-determination so difficult to carry out?

A

Countries feared that drawing boundaries based on nationalist aspirations would create large minorities.
Self determination was sometimes ignored for strategy and security reasons (Austria and Germany).

52
Q

Mandate system

A

Countries unwilling to use self-determination to break up Ottoman territories. Instead, victorious countries had to administer mandates to develop the populations for self-government.
Germany resented the mandate system, viewed it as irresponsible in dividing territories.
Either viewed as a balance between colonial rule and self-determination, or as continued imperial rule.
French mandates in Lebanon, Syria and British mandates in Iraq, Palestine violated promises of independence to Arabs and a homeland state to Jews.

53
Q

What were some of the long term consequences for Europe after the war?

A

Damaged European power, prestige, hegemony.
Set stage for decolonization
Accelerated nationalism in colonies

History (14 decks)

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