23-Transformation of Europe

Question 1

Martin Luther

Answer 1

Led revolt against church, objected to priestly authority in politics, greed, corruption, hedonism, materialism. Wanted bible translated to vernacular, 95 theses.

Question 2

Indulgences

Answer 2

Sold by church, used to finance St. Peter’s Basilica-Absolved you of sin, gave entrance into heaven. Criticized by Luther, believed no human had this authority.

Question 3

Henry VIII (eighth)

Answer 3

English king 1509-1547, wanted to divorce wife, pope disagreed so he left Roman church, established Anglican church.

Question 4

Calvin

Answer 4

Started Reformation movement in France, established Calvinism (Branch of Protestantism)

Question 5

Church response to Protestant Reformation

Answer 5

Acknowledged problems, reinforced morality, trained missionaies, deppened spiritual commitment, outlined Catholic theology vs Protestant.

Question 6

Council of Trent

Answer 6

Council of bishops, cardinals, officials, discussed doctrine and reform. Defined Catholic theology, acknowledged church abuses, reinforced morality.

Question 7

Jesuits

Answer 7

Members of Society of Jesus (Loyola), disciplined, rigorous education in theology, philosophy, literature, history. Were global missionaries, counselors to rulers.

Question 8

Witch hunting

Answer 8

Hunt for women believed to have supernatural powers and worship the devil. Showed stress, superstition in society. Were blamed for unfortunate events and stigmatized.

Question 9

Thirty years war

Answer 9

Religious conflict, HRE tried to force Bohemia back to Catholicism. Other countries (France, Spain, Dutch, Germany, Sweden, Poland, Russia) fought over religious differences, largest European conflict, killed 1/3, damaged economy.

Question 10

Religious wars (Reformation)

Answer 10

• Phillip (Spain) sent army to Netherlands to suppress Calvinist movement and rebellion. Won 10 lower provinces.
• Phillip sent armada to Britain to dethrone Protestant Queen Elizabeth, convert her to Catholicism. Failed

Question 11

Habsburg empire

Answer 11

HRE, held Austria, Spain, Germany, Americas. Charles V couldn’t expand due to administrative (no uniform structure), religious (Lutheran rebels), and foreign conflict (Turkish, Ottoman challenge). Eventually split empire between sons

Question 12

How did new kingdoms gain and maintain power?

Answer 12

France, England, and Spain had new taxes, confiscated church wealth in England, relied on religious conflict. Used wealth for welfare, government, military, exploration, and expansion.

Question 13

Spanish Inquisition

Answer 13

Movement to remove heretics (Jews, Muslims, Protestants) from society. Ruthless punishments, false torture, intimidation.

Question 14

English Civil War

Answer 14

Calvinist Parliament vs Anglican kings over religious and political disputes. Kings tried to impose new taxes w/o permission.

Question 15

Cromwell

Answer 15

Led parliamentary forces in English civil war, represented the Puritans, beheaded King Charles I.

Question 16

Glorious Revolution

Answer 16

Puritans fell into conflict, created monarchy after civil war. Invited Mary & William to rule, arranged for kings to cooperate with parliament; guaranteed nobles, merchants representation.

Question 17

How did constitutional government benefit England and the Netherlands?

Answer 17

Rulers gained popular support (appealed to many parties), good relationship between merchants and government; promoted maritime trade and exchange, less involved in finances.

Question 18

Sun King

Answer 18

Louis XIV, French absolute monarch, divine right. Patronized arts, Versailles, gave nobles luxury for power. Improved infrastructure, economic development, expanded.

Question 19

Versailles

Answer 19

Capital of France, home to Sun King and many nobles. Thriving cultural center- sculptors, painters, architects.

Question 20

Divine right theory

Answer 20

Kings derived authority from god, foundation of absolutism. Made laws, determined policy, centralized royal policy. Rebellion merited punishment

Question 21

Romanov Tsars (Caesar)

Answer 21

Rulers of Romanov dynasty (Russia), tightly centralized gov’t from Moscow, vast expansion.

Question 22

Peter the Great

Answer 22

Developed Russia like Western Europe, learned about military and administration. Improved tax collection, trained army better, provided advanced technology, overhauled the navy, ordered mathematics study. Imposed Western dress, beard tax.

Question 23

How was Catherine the Great an absolute monarch?

Answer 23

Russian tsar, projected image of prestige, autocratic- executed rebel, tightly centralized Russia, absorbed Poland

Question 24

What did the Peace of Westphalia achieve and fail to achieve?

Answer 24

Ended 30 years’ war, made all kingdoms religiously and politically independent. Failed to bring an end to fighting- Minor expansion conflicts, 7 years war.

Question 25

Balance of Power

Answer 25

Diplomatic principle- Coalition formed against building empires.

Question 26

Why did society become materialistic? How did this change the global balance of power?

Answer 26

Competition for military might-demand for weapons stimulated economy. Gave Europeans more advanced weapons over rest of world.

Question 27

Urbanization

Answer 27

Population growth and development in cities, commercial and industrial centres. Madrid, Paris, London.

Question 28

Supply and demand

Answer 28

Principle dictating price of a product. High demand=Higher price

Question 29

Capitalism

Answer 29

Principle of a free unregulated market, self-interests, individualism benefits the whole, goal of profit, competition drives innovation, specialization, comparative advantage. “Invisible hand” forces, supply and demand.

Question 30

What contributed to European population growth?

Answer 30

American food crops (potatoes, maize), wipeout of disease, end of 30-years war. 180 million by 1800.

Question 31

Entrepreneur

Answer 31

Individual wishing to start a business and enter the market. Competed with each other, applied knowledge of markets.

Question 32

Joint-Stock companies

Answer 32

Trading/transportation/communications network, controlled production and sale, government supported. Spread investment risk among many individuals. Dutch VOC, English East India co.

Question 33

What financial institutions arose during this time? How did they support early capitalism?

Answer 33

Banks held funds, issued loans for new ventures, published financial newsletters w/ info about foreign lands. Stock exchanges allowed for investment in joint-stock companies and gold. Insurance companies mitigated financial losses.

Question 34

How did capitalism and imperialism go hand in hand?

Answer 34

Gov’t encouraged exploration for commercial opportunities. Trading posts, colonies in SE Asia and Americas gave merchants resources/commodities.

Question 35

Protoindustrialisation

Answer 35

Shift from agriculture to industry. The putting-out system (shifting labor to the countryside) increased industrial production until the rise of factories.

Question 36

Serfdom

Answer 36

Peasants tied to land as serfs, no geographic or economic mobility. Traded like slaves, landlords derived enormous incomes, products supported capitalism in w. Europe. Government won allegiance of nobles by ensuring laborers could work.

Question 37

How was Eastern Europe different from Western?

Answer 37

Few modern cities, more agrarian jobs, serfdom supported the west.

Question 38

Adam Smith

Answer 38

Advocate of capitalism, believed society would prosper with individuality.

Question 39

How did capitalism spark some debates on morality?

Answer 39

Individuals regarded as immoral, selfish if they only worked for own gain, didn’t help others; led to social strains, violence. Church tried to ban interest, which they viewed as unearned and immoral.

Question 40

Ptolemy

Answer 40

Theory of motionless earth surrounded by 9 immaculate hollow spheres and realm of god.

Question 41

Geocentric theory

Answer 41

Principle of Earth in the middle.

Question 42

Heliocentric theory

Answer 42

Principle of sun in the middle. Formed when erratic movements in speed and position of other planets occurred. Challenged scientific and religious theory- placed Earth as less important

Question 43

Kepler

Answer 43

Demonstrated the elliptical path of planets

Question 44

Galileo

Answer 44

Discredited Ptolemaic theory of immaculate planets, discovered 4 moons of Jupiter. Discredited Aristotelian theory that velocity depends on weight.

Question 45

Newton

Answer 45

Published mathematical synthesis of earth and heaven in cosmic system, law of universal gravitation. Explained mechanics- tides, planetary orbits.

Question 46

Harvey

Answer 46

English physician, believed that only men had the “vivifying” power to create life. Contributed to female inferiority

Question 47

Chatelet

Answer 47

French female mathematician and physicist, got traditional male edu., translated Newton’s works-calculus, physics.

Question 48

Where did most astronomy ideas come from before science? Why were they difficult to refute?

Answer 48

The church. They were essential to Christian teachings about god’s creation being the most important.

Question 49

What changed about the practice of science?

Answer 49

Increasing use of observation, experimentation, mathematics in astronomy, mechanics, microbiology, chemistry. Use of math, data, and analysis instead of religion, the classics, untested belief.

Question 50

What was the status of women during the scientific revolution?

Answer 50

Still viewed as inferior (Harvey), discouraged form flaunting intelligence, marriage still customary, perceived as limited.

Question 51

Locke

Answer 51

English philosopher, worked to discover natural laws of politics, attacked divine-right theory, promoted constitutional gov’t, believed in popular sovereignty. Believed all knowledge came from our senses.

Question 52

Montesquieu

Answer 52

French nobleman, sought to establish political science, principles for political liberty.

Question 53

Philosophes

Answer 53

French public intellectuals, advanced reasoning, composed histories, novels, dramas, satires on religious, moral, political issues.

Question 54

Deism

Answer 54

Religious practice of the philosophes. Believed in a single god who created earth but does not intervene in its development. Denied Christian supernatural teachings.

Question 55

Who was the source of scorn and criticism for the philosophes?

Answer 55

They attacked any institution sponsoring intolerance or oppression-French monarchs and Roman Catholic church

Question 56

How were the philosophes optimistic?

Answer 56

Believed in progress of human affairs, rational understanding of the world- Would lead to individual freedom and a prosperous, just society.

Question 57

What was the lasting legacy of the enlightenment?

Answer 57

Large cultural transformation, promoted secular reasoning over revelation, weakened authority of churches. Promoted rational analysis, constitutional government, free markets.