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History > 28- Revolution > Flashcards

28- Revolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Olympe de Gouges

A

Women’s rights activist, wrote Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, executed by gov’t.

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2
Q

Popular sovereignty

A

Belief that the population holds political authority

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3
Q

Ancient regime

A

“Old order,” pre-revolution France

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4
Q

Louis XVI

A

KIng of France. Wanted to tax nobility to pay war debts. Faced unpopularity from Estates General

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5
Q

Estates General

A

Assembly created to represent all “estates” in society- Clergy, Nobles, Laypeople (Largest, least powerful)
1st and 2nd blocked taxes proposed by Louis XVI
3rd demanded social reform

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6
Q

National Assembly

A

3rd estate seceded for political reform
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity were goals
Abolished 1st estate (clergy), made King figurehead
Made constitutional monarchy w/ voting.

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7
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

A

Declared right to equality, liberty, popular sovereignty. Created by National Assembly 1789.

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8
Q

Bastille

A

French fortress, symbol of Ancient Regime.

Stormed by Revolutionary crowd in search of weapons.

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9
Q

Convention

A

New radical party, Created in fear of counterrevolution
Drafted people for war (mass levy)
Robespierre and Jacobins; ruthless revolutionary ideas.
Committee of Public Safety used terror, killings (guillotine)
Wanted to eliminate Christianity- Closed churches, made cult of reason, 10 day secular week.

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10
Q

Directory

A

New conservative, pragmatic government
Middle path between Ancient Regime and Revolution
Did not fix economic and military problems.

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11
Q

What were the limits to the equality promoted by philosophes?

A

Women still could not vote

They did not envision a society where they could share power.

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12
Q

How was the French revolution more radical than the American revolution?

A

France did not seek to retain their cultural traditions of the previous ruling order

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13
Q

How did radicals take revolutionary ideas too far?

A

Mass executions, imprisonments, destruction.

Robespierre convicted of tyranny

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14
Q

How did Napoleon position himself to rise to power?

A

Became general at 24
Defended the Directory against uprising
Established French rule in N Italy
Tried to control Red sea

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15
Q

Consulate

A

Napoleon’s new government

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16
Q

Concordat

A

Agreement between French state and church
State recognized Catholicism as official, paid priests, gave freedom to Protestants and Jews
State took church lands and power

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17
Q

Civil (Napoleonic) Code

A

Revised law code:
Political and legal equality, merit based society
Allowed aristocrats to reclaim property
Restored patriarchal authority

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18
Q

What were the limits to Napoleon’s enlightenment ideals?

A

Blocked free speech, created secret police force to detain political opponents
Ignored legislative bodies, set himself above rest of France- Autocratic

19
Q

How were Napoleon’s military campaigns both key to his successes, but also his downfall?

A

Expanded French empire (Netherlands, Austria, Prussia, Iberia, Italy).
Faced brutal defeat when invaded Moscow (Set on fire by Russia).Then forced to abdicate power to a Austrian, Prussian, Russian coalition.

20
Q

100 Days and Waterloo

A

Napoleon exiled to Elba, but returned and restored army
Ruled France 100 days from Waterloo, Belgium.
Banished to St. Helena island in Atlantic

21
Q

Positive view on Napoleon

A

Gave equality, established meritocracy
Military victories, vast empire
Supported continental trade, National Bank, Education
Concordat gave freedom of religion, supported Church

22
Q

Negative view on Napoleon

A 
Spent too much on military and war 
Failed Russian campaign, Waterloo, was a coward 
Lost American colonies 
Not a true liberal; more autocratic 
Took church lands and power
23
Q

Saint Domingue

A

French colony in Western Hispaniola, rich coffee, sugar, tobacco trade. Only successful slave revolt.

24
Q

How was revolution almost inevitable in Saint Domingue?

A

40,000 white males could not control 500,000 black slaves.

25
Q

Gens de couleur

A

“People of Color,” 28,000 mulattoes in Saint Domingue. Held freedom, were artisans, servants.
Fought against British in American revolution. Called for political and legal equality, reform. Prompted civil war 1791.

26
Q

Maroons

A

Runaway slaves, formed mountain slave communities, attacked plantations for more resources and recruits.

27
Q

Toussaint Louverture

A

“The Opening,” led slaves to overcome white settlers and foreigners. Former slave, became literate, got freedom. Organized strong army of 20,000, took Saint Domingue.
Created constitution, universal equality and citizenship

28
Q

How did Haiti eventually gain its independence?

A

Napoleon sent 40,000 person army to restore French authority, arrested Toussaint. Successors, Yellow Fever drove French out.
Independence in 1803.

29
Q

What type of independence did the creoles envision for Latin America?

A

Resented administrative peninsulares, economic and tax regulations over them. Wanted egalitarian society, but not radical.

30
Q

Michael Hidalgo

A

Mexican priest, led peasant rebellion against colonial rule w/ Virgin of Guadalupe, called for death of Spanish.
Executed by Spanish, became symbol of Mexican independence.

31
Q

What set the stage for independence movements in Latin America?

A

Weakened Iberian control after Napoleonic wars, resentment toward colonial authority.

32
Q

To what extent was Bolivar successful in his goals for latin America?

A

Promoted pop. sovereignty, enlightenment ideas.
Beat Spanish in Colombia, deposed Spanish in all of LatAm. Sought to combine countries into Gran Colombia, unsuccessful bc of regional political differences.

33
Q

Was there major social change following independence movements in Latin America?

A

No, power was just given to military strongmen (caudillos) who allied with creoles. Allowed slavery to continue, confirmed wealth and authority of church, repressed lower classes

34
Q

John Stuart Mill

A 
Liberal reformer, promoted economic and intellectual freedom, universal suffrage. 
Tried to prevent upper class from holding too much power and challenging lower class rights. Called for taxation of wealthy businesses. 
Utilitarianism: Happiness w/ dignity (not hedonism), make good decisions.
35
Q

Conservatism

A

Believed society was meant to slowly evolve, condemned revolutionary change.

36
Q

Liberalism

A

Believed revolutionary change led to progress, Conservatism was meant to uphold privileged class.
Promoted freedom, equality, popular sovereignty
Favored constitutional republic

37
Q

How did the British lead the way to end the slave trade and its eventual abolition?

A

Wilberforce (Parliament) attacked slavery on religious and moral grounds. Thought more slave revolts would occur if it continued.
Britain provided compensation to slave owners and abolished in 1848.

38
Q

How far had women’s rights come following the Enlightenment and revolutions in France and the Americas?

A

Little success before 20th century despite liberal support. Feminism took slave revolt as model, asked why women were like slaves.
Astell, Wollstonecraft argued for same rights as men (voting, education)
National Assembly, Convention gave women education and property; Napoleon/Directory stripped these rights
No political power

39
Q

Metternich

A

Austrian head of Congress of Vienna

40
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

Coalition formed by anti Napoleon countries.
Goals: Restore monarchs, pre-rev. order, limit power of France and Russia
Dismantled French empire, returned authority to monarchs,

41
Q

Cavour and Garibaldi

A

Unified Italy in north and south, advocated for independence from Austria.
Cavour dominated Sardinia

42
Q

Bismarck and Second Reich

A

PM of Prussia, “politics of reality”, reformed Prussian army, went to war with Denmark, Austria, France to expand Prussia, encouraged German sentiment.

43
Q

Benefits and drawbacks to nationalism

A

Unites people, loyal citizens w/ common experience, patriotism encourages defense.
Conflict over differences, war with other countries and minorities, violent rebellion.

History (14 decks)

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