3.3. The development of international tourism Flashcards
1
Q
Define tourism
A
The business or industry of providing information, accommodations, transportation, and other services to tourists.
2
Q
How can reasons for tourism growth be categorised
A
- Economic, social and political
- Demand factors, supply factors and facilitating factors
3
Q
What are the demand factors?
A
income, time available
4
Q
What are supply factors?
A
charter/cheaper flights
package holidays
5
Q
What are facilitating factors?
A
electronic communication
advertising, the media
globalisation
6
Q
Economic reasons for international tourism growth
A
- Steadily rising incomes
- The decreasing real costs (with inflation taken into account) of holidays
- The widening range of destinations within the middle income range
- The heavy marketing of shorter foreign holidays aimed at those who have time and disposable income
- Expansion of budget airlines
- Holiday packages
- Globalisation - communication, technology and transport
7
Q
Social reasons for international tourism growth
A
- An increase in the average number of days of paid leave
- An increasing desire to experience different cultures and landscapes
- Raised expectations of international travel with increasing media coverage of holidays, travel and nature
- High levels of international migration over the last decade or so
- Increased retirement due to increased life expectancy
- Ease of visas in some countries
8
Q
Political reasons for international tourism growth
A
- Many governments have invested heavily to encourage tourism
- Government backing up for major international events such as Olympics and World Cup
9
Q
Trends in tourism growth
A
- Middle East: average annual growth rate of 10%, especially Saudi Arabia and Egypt
- Asia Pacific: average annual growth rate of 8%
- Africa: 6%
- Latin America and Carribean: 3%
- Although developed regions of the world remain the largest tourism destinations, their dominance is reducing
10
Q
How have LEDCs promote tourism?
A
- hard measures:
- providing incentives for foreign investors
- soft measures:
- internet sites
- support trade fairs
11
Q
Factors affecting level of tourism
A
- Natural disasters
- Natural processes: coastal erosion and rising sea levels are threatening important tourist locations
- Health scares
- Exchange rate fluctuations
- Political uncertainties
- Increasing competition
12
Q
Social and cultural positive impacts of tourism
A
- Local people can perform traditional dance and music to tourists therefore protecting their local culture.
- Tourists may pay to visit museums protecting local artifacts.
- Historical ruins may be protected or rebuilt to attract tourists.
- May improve countries reputation and create cross-cultural links.
- Encourages education in order to work in tourist sector and should improve linguistic skills
13
Q
Social and cultural negative impacts of tourism
A
- An increase in tourists may cause greater congestion, leading to longer periods spent away from families. Also increased transport may increase problems of asthma and traffic accidents.
- Tourism can increase certain crimes, like prostitution and theft
- People may become more materialistic and homogenised with the arrival of international tourists.
- May create racial tensions between tourists and locals
14
Q
Positive economic impacts of tourism
A
- Jobs are created for local workers in hotels, restaurants, etc.
- Secondary jobs are also created in shops, maintenance firms, etc.
- Workers and companies pay taxes to the government. This money can then be invested.
- People learn new skills that can then be transferred to other parts of the economy.
- New equipment or technology may be introduced to the country which again can be used in other sectors of the economy.
- Local infrastructure like roads and electricity may be improved.
15
Q
Negative economic impacts of tourism
A
- Many of managerial jobs go to overseas workers. Local workers often get low paid jobs
- There is economic leakage (loss of money overseas) because many of the tourist companies are TNCs and the profit is sent elsewhere
- Many jobs are only seasonal so workers are only paid half of the year e.g. the ski season is less than 6 months long.
- The increased demand for products and services may cause inflation
- Countries or regions may become dependent on just one industry.
- May place pressure on infrastructure e.g. electricity and water supply
18
Q
What are the 6 stages of Butler’s life cycle of tourism?
A
- Exploration: a newly discovered tourist location that only receives a very small amount of tourists.
- Involvement: an area that becomes better known. Tourism is supported by the local population and they start to build basic tourist infrastructure.
- Development: tourism becomes an important sector of the economy. There is more investment from foreign tour firms. Infrastructure becomes developed
- Consolidation: growth continues with resources diverted to the tourism sector. Areas may change to the exclusive use of tourists, possibly alienating locals.
Stagnation: There is increased opposition to tourism, tourist facilities may become tired and the number of tourist arrival plateaus or even declines. - Stagnation
- Rejuvenation/Stabilisation/Decline: rejuvenation - a tourist destination rebrands itself or improves tourist facilities, offers promotions or improves transportation. Decline - no improvements are made to the tourist destination and the number of tourists continues to declines
