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Chemistry AS > 3.3 Organic Chemistry: .1 Introduction to organic chemistry > Flashcards

3.3 Organic Chemistry: .1 Introduction to organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is the empirical formula?

A

the simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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2
Q

what is the molecular formula?

A

the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

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3
Q

what does the structural formula show you?

A

shows the atoms carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens and fucntional group

e.g CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

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4
Q

what is the skeletal formula?

A
  • shows the bonds of the carbon only with any functional groups
  • the hydrogen and carbon atoms arent shown
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5
Q

what is the displayed formula?

A

shows how all atoms are arranged, and all the bonds betweent them

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6
Q

what is a homologous series?

A

a group of compounds that contain the same functional group.

-they can all be represented by the same general formula

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7
Q

what are the features of a homologous series?

A
  • they have the same functional group
  • they react in a similar way
  • they have the same general molecular formula
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8
Q

what is nomenclature

A

the naming of organic compounds

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9
Q

what the rules for nomenclature

A
  1. count the carbons in the longest continous chain that contains the fucntional group, this gives you the stem
    e. g No. of carbon: 1 (meth-), 2(eth-), 3(prop-), -5(pent-), 6(hex-)
  2. the main functional group of the molecule usually gives you the end of the name (the suffix)
    e. g -ane (alkenes) OR -ene (alkenes) OR -ol (acohols)
  3. Number the carbons in the longest carbon chain so that the carbon with the main functional group attached has the lowest possible number. If there is more than one longest chain, pick the one with the one with the most side chains.
  4. write the carbon number that the fucntional group is on before the suffix aded as prefixes at the start of the name. Put them in alphabetical order,with the number of carbon atom each is

5.) any side chains or less important functional groups are

attached to

6.) if there is more than one identical side-chain or fucntional group, use di- (2), tri-(3) or tetra-(4) before that part of the name

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10
Q

for each side group state what the prefix is

CH3

CH2CH2

F

Cl

Br

I

A

CH3- methyl

CH2CH2- ethyl

F- fluoro

Cl- chloro

Br- bromo

I- iodo

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11
Q

what is the IUPAC system?

what is the benfit of this system?

A
  • it is the agreed international language of chemsitry
  • the IUPAC system means that scientific ideas can be communicated across the globe more effectively. So its easier for scientists to get on with testing each other’s work, and either comfirm or dispute new theories.
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12
Q

draw the structural, displayed and skeletal formula of cyclohexane

A

-structural: CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2

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13
Q

what is the IPUAC name for this chemical?

A

2-methylpentane

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14
Q

answer these summary questions on nomenclature

A

answers

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15
Q

draw the structure of 2-methylpentane

A
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16
Q

what is a mechanism?

A
  • what is a mechanism is a diagram that breaks reacttion down into individual stages.
  • they show how molecules react together by using curly arrows to show which bonds are made or broken
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17
Q

what does a curly arrow show?

A

electron movement

-goes from lone pair of electron to where a new bond is formed at the end of the reaction

18
Q

what is the free radical susbstituion reaction when halogens react with organic compounds

A

this is where halogen react with alkanes in photochemical reaction- reactions that are started by ultraviolet light

-a hydrogen atom is substituted by chlorine or bromine

19
Q

how is a free radical formed?

A

it is formed when a covalent bond breaks by homolytic fission (equal spitting of a bond) to form a particle with an unpaire electron

20
Q

In the reaction of chlorine reacting with methane to form:

CH4 + Cl2 -UV-> CH3Cl + HCl

describe the initiation reaction and give a eqation to represent this

A
  • sunlight provides enough energy to break the Cl-Cl bond (this is called photodissociation)
  • the bond splits eqaully and each atom gets to keep one electron, the atom becomes a highly reactive free radical because of its unpaired electron

Cl2 –UV–> 2Cl•

21
Q

In the reaction of chlorine reacting with methane to form:

CH4 + Cl2 -UV-> CH3Cl + HCl

describe the 1st propogation reaction and give a eqation to represent this

A
  • in the first propogation step the HALOGEN RADICAL with the ALKANE
  • the halogen radical ALWAYS TAKES A HYDROGEN
  • a HYDROGEN HALIDE and ORGANIC COMPOUND RADICAL is made
  • Cl• + CH4 –> HCl + CH3• (better if the radical is on top of Carbon)
22
Q

In the reaction of chlorine reacting with methane to form:

CH4 + Cl2 -UV-> CH3Cl + HCl

describe the 2nd propogation reaction and give a eqation to represent this

A
  • in the second propogation step, the new ORGANIC COMPOUND RADICAL always reacts with the HALOGEN
  • the halogen-halogen (e.g Cl-Cl) bond breaks by homolytic fission
  • a HALOGENALKANE and a Halogen radical is made

CH3• + Cl2 –> CH3Cl + Cl•

23
Q

In the reaction of chlorine reacting with methane to form:

CH4 + Cl2 -UV-> CH3Cl + HCl

describe the termination reaction and give a eqation to represent this

A
  • in the termination step the free radicals combine
  • there will ALWAYS be only THREE reactions possible:

HALOGEN radical and HALOGEN radical reacting together

Cl• + Cl• –> Cl2

ORGANIC COMPOUND radical and ORGANIC COMPOUND radical

CH3• + CH3 •–> CH3CH3

ORGANIC COMPOUND radical and HALOGEN radical

CH3• + Cl• –> CH3Cl

24
Q

if the chlorine’s is in excess in the free radical substitution of methane and chlorine produce equations for the further reactions.

state which substituions they would occur at (e.g 2nd, 3rd, 4th)

A

(this is you first reaction) 1st sub: CH4 + Cl2 –> CH3Cl + HCl

2rd sub: CH3Cl + Cl2 –> CH2Cl2 + HCl

3th: CH2Cl2 + Cl2 –> CHCl3 + HCl
4th: CHCl3 + Cl2 –> CCl4 + HCl

25
Q

what is the disadvantage of free radical substitution?

A

-a mixture of products and the desired product would have to be seperated from the other products

26
Q

what is meant by structural isomerism?

A

this is when chemicals have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

27
Q

what are the 3 types of structural isomers?

A
  • chain
  • positional
  • functional group
28
Q

what is the difference between chain isomers?

A

they have different chain lenghts (the carbon chain may go from 4 -bute to 3 -prop)

29
Q

what is the difference between positional isomers?

A
  • the functional group or side group in poisitional isomers change position
    e. g
30
Q

what is the difference in functional group isomers?

A

-the difference between functional group isomers is that they have different functional group. Which means they have different homologous series

31
Q

what are the two types of different stereoisomerism isomers (geometric isomers)

A

E-Z isomers

32
Q

what is stereoisomerism (geometric isomers)?

A

this is where two (or more) compounds have the same structural formula but they differ in the arrangment of the bonds in space

33
Q

what type of compounds do you find E-Z isomers in?

A

alkenes

34
Q

describe what a z isomer looks like

draw the z-isomer of but-2-ene (what is the name of this molecule?)

A

the z-isomer has the same groups either both above or both below the double bond

this molecule is Z-but-2-ene

35
Q

describe what an e isomer looks like

draw the e-isomer of but-2-ene (what is the name of this molecule?)

A

the e-isomer has the same groups positioned across the double bond

this molecule is called E-but-2-ene

36
Q

way of remembering e-z isomers

A
  • E stands for ‘entgegen’ which in german means opposite
  • Z stands for ‘zusammen’ which in german means together

so

-you can remember the z-isomer:

the ‘ze zame zide’

-you can remember the e-isomer:

they are ‘enemies’

37
Q

draw the e-isomer of hex-3-ene

A

*make sure that you put the CH3 at the end of your chain so that the carbons are only making 4 chains

38
Q

draw the z-isomer of hex-3-ene

A

*make sure that you put the CH3 at the end of your chain so that the carbons are only making 4 chains

39
Q

what is the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules (CIP)?

A
  • when all of the groups coming off the double bond are different, you look for the heaviest element/molecule (in terms of RAM/RMM) coming off the carbon
  • if the two heaviest ones are on the same side of the double bond the compund is the z-isomer
  • if the two heaviest ones on the oposite sides of the double bond the compound is the e-isomer
40
Q
A

Chemistry AS (16 decks)

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